第一次正式見面,手裡要拿東西。《儀禮·士相見禮》開篇第一句就規定拿什麼。經文:「士相見之禮。摯,冬用雉,夏用腒。左頭奉之。」——冬天拿一隻雉,夏天拿一隻乾雉,雙手捧著,雉頭朝左(鄭注:「夏用腒,備腐臭也」——怕牠腐臭)。這一句之後,才輪到怎麼說、怎麼進門、怎麼拜。
經文只記拿什麼、怎麼拿;為什麼拿這個、為什麼這樣拿,要等到注裡才有。鄭玄的注、賈公彥的疏,見於《儀禮注疏》卷七·士相見禮第三,就附在這幾句經文之下。鄭注說士用雉是「取其耿介,交有時,別有倫也」——取牠耿介,交配有時;「雉必用死者,為其不可生服也」——活雉不肯就範,所以用死的;「左頭,頭,陽也」——頭朝左,因為左屬陽。到了夏天換成乾雉,鄭注只給一個理由:「備腐臭也」——天熱,怕牠腐臭。賈疏則引《周禮·庖人》「腒,乾雉」為證。
一隻雉,按等級換
「摯」是見面禮,隨身分換。士用雉或腒;下大夫相見用雁,經文說「飾之以布,維之以索,如執雉」——用布裹飾,用繩繫住,捧法同雉;上大夫用羔,「飾之以布,四維之,結於面;左頭,如麛執之」,四角繫繩,在當面打結,羔頭也朝左。
等級往下減:士去見大夫,經文說「終辭其摯」,送來的摯一路辭到底,終究不收;士與大夫見君,「奠摯,再拜稽首」,摯放在地上,再拜叩頭,君只「答壹拜」;庶人見君,連儀容都不講究,「不為容,進退走」。若來見的是他國之人,君「使擯者還其摯」,把禮退回去。捧法也有講究:「凡執幣者,不趨,容彌蹙以為儀。執玉者,則唯舒武,舉前曳踵。」——捧幣帛的人不快步走,面容更加收斂,這就是「儀」;捧玉的人只是放緩步子,前腳抬起、後腳跟拖。曾經做過對方下屬的,另有一套:「若嘗為臣者,則禮辭其摯」——來人進門,把摯放下,主人只答一拜,再讓擯者把摯送到門外還給他。士見大夫為什麼連摯都不收?鄭注:「終辭其摯,以將不親答也」——因為不打算親自回拜,就不收這份禮。
八句推讓
然後是經文裡的辭令:四個來回,八句推讓。賓先開口:「某也願見,無由達。某子以命命某見。」——我想見您,沒有門路,是某子叫某來的。主人答:「某子命某見,吾子有辱。請吾子之就家也,某將走見。」——該我去府上拜見,請您回去。賓再請:「某不足以辱命,請終賜見。」主人再辭:「某不敢為儀,固請吾子之就家也,某將走見。」賓又請:「某不敢為儀,固以請。」主人辭到這裡,才改口辭摯:「某也固辭,不得命,將走見。聞吾子稱摯,敢辭摯。」賓答得乾脆:「某不以摯,不敢見。」主人說:「某不足以習禮,敢固辭。」賓仍不肯讓:「某也不依於摯,不敢見,固以請。」主人才說:「某也固辭,不得命,敢不敬從!」這些話裡沒有一句自我介紹,全部是把自己往下壓、把對方往上抬;稱呼一律用「某」,因為這是禮書的寫法,不是誰真說過的話。
為這八句作注,是另一種工作:不解釋禮,只解釋話裡指誰。鄭注:「某子,今所因緣之姓名也」——某子是介紹人的姓名;「以命者,稱述主人之意」——所謂「以命」,是介紹人轉述主人的意思;「有,又也」——「吾子有辱」的「有」讀作「又」;「不敢為儀,言不敢外貌為威儀,忠誠欲往也」——「不敢為儀」不是客套,是說不敢只在外面擺威儀,心裡真想去。賈疏再補一層:哪一句是轉述、哪一句是自稱,要分清楚。經文只給台詞,注疏才交代誰在說話。
為什麼要這樣來回推?《禮記·曲禮上》給了兩句底話:「禮尚往來。往而不來,非禮也;來而不往,亦非禮也。」又說:「夫禮者,自卑而尊人,雖負販者,必有尊也,而況富貴乎!」推辭不是客套,是把「誰尊誰卑」在門口先擺清楚。
門右、門左、東階、西階
推辭完了才見面。經文寫得極簡:「出迎於門外,再拜。賓答再拜。主人揖,入門右。賓奉摯,入門左。主人再拜受,賓再拜送摯,出。」主人在門外先拜兩拜,賓回兩拜;主人揖請,自己從右邊進門,賓捧著摯從左邊進;主人再拜受摯,賓再拜送摯,然後退出。誰走哪邊、誰先拜,一句一個動作。
升堂的細則在《禮記·曲禮上》:「凡與客入者,每門讓於客。客至於寢門,則主人請入為席,然後出迎客;客固辭,主人肅客而入。主人入門而右,客入門而左。主人就東階,客就西階……主人與客讓登,主人先登,客從之,拾級聚足,連步以上。上於東階則先右足,上於西階則先左足。」每一道門都讓客先進;到了寢門,主人先進去鋪席,再出來迎;主人走東階,客走西階;上臺階時互相讓,主人先上,客跟著,一級一級腳並齊,不能跨;東階先邁右腳,西階先邁左腳。還有一句:「將上堂,聲必揚。」
再見,與還摯
見過之後還有一次回訪,這次要把摯帶回去還。經文:「主人復見之,以其摯,曰:『曏者吾子辱,使某見。請還摯於將命者。』」——上次蒙您賞臉,讓我見了面,現在請把這隻摯還給您的傳命人。對方辭,主人再請,三輪之後,「賓奉摯入,主人再拜受。賓再拜送摯,出」。繞一圈,那隻雉回到當初送牠的人手裡。見面禮不是收下的東西,是拿來做這場見面的憑據。鄭注解釋主人為什麼還要再見一面:「請見者,為賓崇禮來,相接以矜莊,歡心未交也。賓反見,則燕矣。」——賓帶著重禮來,見面時雙方都矜持莊重,歡心還沒交;再見面,才是「燕」,才輕鬆下來。
見完之後:說什麼,看哪裡
經文還規定見面之後的話與目光:與君說話,說「使臣」的事;與大人說話,說「事君」的事;與老者說話,說「使弟子」的事;與幼者說話,說「孝弟於父兄」;與眾說話,說「忠信慈祥」;與居官者說話,說「忠信」。看人也有尺寸:「凡與大人言,始視面,中視抱,卒視面,毋改」——開口看臉,中間看胸口,收尾再看臉,不要游移;對父親則可以「遊目」,但上不過臉、下不過腰帶。這些話與目光,和前面八句推讓、門右門左是同一套東西:把每一次接觸都變成可以照著做的動作。
要說明的是,這一篇只寫給「士」這個階層,不寫庶人、不寫天子;它是禮書排出的程序,不是某一年某兩家人的實錄。它通篇沒有一句解釋「為什麼」,只寫拿什麼、說什麼、從哪邊進、誰先上臺階、什麼時候把東西還回去。
延伸閱讀:一塊石頭與六斗米:明代讀書人怎麼起步 · 士虞禮:一場葬後祭的三層讀法 · 月令:國家給每個月派活
參考來源與延伸閱讀
- 《仪礼·士相见礼》(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The whole procedure: 'The rite of a knight's first meeting: the gift is a pheasant in winter, a dried pheasant in summer, held with the head to the left' (摯,冬用雉,夏用腒。左頭奉之). The eight-fold exchange of refusals before the visit (某也願見……敢不敬從), then 'he comes out to meet him outside the gate and bows twice; the guest answers with two bows; the host bows him in, entering on the right; the guest carries the gift and enters on the left; the host bows twice and receives it; the guest bows twice and hands it over; he goes out'. The return visit, when the host brings the gift back — 'pray return the gift to your messenger' (請還摯於將命者). The grading of gifts: a knight seeing a great officer declines his gift outright; the lower great officers exchange wild geese dressed in cloth and tied with cord; the upper great officers exchange lambs, tied at four points and knotted at the face. Seeing the ruler: gift laid down, two bows and a bow to the ground, the ruler answering with one bow; a man of another state has his gift returned. Speech and gaze: 'with the ruler speak of employing officers; with elders of teaching the young; with the young of filial duty; with officials of loyalty and good faith' (與君言,言使臣……與居官者言,言忠信); 'begin by looking at the face, in the middle at the breast, at the end at the face again, without changing' (始視面,中視抱,卒視面,毋改).
- 《仪礼注疏》卷七·士相见礼第三(汉郑玄注、唐贾公彦疏;维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The comment and sub-commentary on the same page, quoted for the reasons the classic withholds. Zheng on the gift: 'The pheasant is taken for its firmness and independence, mating at a season and keeping apart after' (取其耿介,交有時,別有倫也); 'the pheasant must be used dead because a live one cannot be made to submit' (為其不可生服也); 'the head to the left, the head being yang' (左頭,頭,陽也); 'in summer a dried pheasant, to guard against rot and stench' (夏用腒,備腐臭也). Zheng on the rank rule: 'he declines the gift finally because he will not answer the visit in person' (終辭其摯,以將不親答也). Zheng on the return visit: 'he asks to see him because the guest came with honour, the meeting was all gravity and the glad heart had not yet been exchanged; when the guest returns the visit, then there is ease' (請見者……歡心未交也。賓反見,則燕矣). Jia explains the 'so-and-so' of the exchange as the introducer's name and the sentences as relayed speech (某子,今所因緣之姓名也;以命者,稱述主人之意).
- 《礼记·曲礼上》(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The general rules behind the meeting: 'Rites value reciprocity; to go and not return is not ritual, nor to come and not go' (禮尚往來。往而不來,非禮也;來而不往,亦非禮也); 'ritual is to humble oneself and honour others' (夫禮者,自卑而尊人). The passage at the gate and the steps: entering by every gate the host yields to the guest; at the chamber door the host asks leave to spread the mat and then comes out to meet him; 'the host enters on the right, the guest on the left; the host takes the eastern steps, the guest the western'; at the ascent host and guest yield, the host goes up first, the guest follows, feet together on each step and continuous; 'on the eastern steps the right foot first, on the western the left' (上於東階則先右足,上於西階則先左足); and 'going up into the hall, the voice must be raised' (將上堂,聲必揚).




