阮籍求官這件事,兩頁都寫,斤兩不同。《晉書》卷四十九本傳說:他聽說步兵廚的營人善釀,存著三百斛酒,就求做步兵校尉。《世說新語·任誕》只有一句:步兵校尉的缺出來了,廚中有貯酒數百斛,阮籍便去求這個官。劉孝標的注又引《文士傳》,說「三百石」。同一個缺、同一批酒,三種寫法,本文並列,不替它們定一個數。
一、步兵校尉的缺
本傳寫得最清楚:「籍聞步兵廚營人善釀,有貯酒三百斛,乃求為步兵校尉。遺落世事,雖去佐職,恆遊府內,朝宴必與焉。」——聽說廚裡善釀、有三百斛酒,就求這個官;求到以後「遺落世事」,雖然離開了原來的屬職,卻常在府內,朝宴必到。求官的理由與到任後的行為,傳裡都只寫這一層。
《世說》的版本:「步兵校尉缺,廚中有貯酒數百斛,阮籍乃求為步兵校尉。」注引《文士傳》:「後聞步兵廚中有酒三百石,忻然求為校尉。於是入府舍,與劉伶酣飲。」——「數百斛」「三百斛」「三百石」三個說法並列;斛與石是兩種量名,本文照錄,不互換、不折今制,也不替它們算成同一數量。
二、醉是辦法
本傳先給了一個背景:「籍本有濟世志,屬魏晉之際,天下多故,名士少有全者,籍由是不與世事,遂酣飲為常。」接著兩件事:文帝想替武帝向阮家求婚,「籍醉六十日,不得言而止」;鍾會幾次拿時政問他,想抓住他的答話定罪,「皆以酣醉獲免」。——醉在傳裡是手段,不是嗜好;這個判斷是傳自己的話,不是本文加的。
《世說》另有一句評語:「王孝伯問王大:『阮籍何如司馬相如?』王大曰:『阮籍胸中壘塊,故須酒澆之。』」——這是王大(王忱)的話,不是史家的評語;本文照錄,並標出說話人。
三、喪禮上的酒肉
《世說》有一場本傳沒有的場面:「阮籍遭母喪,在晉文王坐,進酒肉。司隸何曾亦在坐,曰:『明公方以孝治天下,而阮籍以重喪,顯於公坐,飲酒食肉,宜流之海外,以正風教。』文王曰:『嗣宗毀頓如此,君不能共憂之,何謂?且有疾而飲酒食肉,固喪禮也!』籍飲啖不輟,神色自若。」——何曾要把他流放,司馬昭替他說話,他照吃不誤。三個人各說一句,本文不替誰作評。
本傳寫母喪的經過更細:他正與人下棋,母親死了,「對者求止,籍留與決賭」;下完「飲酒二斗,舉聲一號,吐血數升」;將葬時「食一蒸肫,飲二斗酒,然後臨訣,直言窮矣,舉聲一號,因又吐血數升,毀瘠骨立,殆致滅性」。——二斗、數升、一蒸肫,照錄,不折今制。
《世說》作:「阮籍當葬母,蒸一肥豚,飲酒二斗,然後臨訣,直言『窮矣』!都得一號,因吐血,廢頓良久。」注引鄧粲《晉紀》卻作「飲酒三斗,舉聲一號,嘔血數升」。——「豚」與「肫」字不同,「二斗」與「三斗」數不同,「吐血」與「嘔血」字不同;三種都照錄,不合并。
四、白眼與「禮」
本傳寫弔喪:「裴楷往弔之,籍散髮箕踞,醉而直視,楷弔唁畢便去。」有人問裴楷:按禮,主人哭,客人才行禮;阮籍不哭,你哭什麼?裴楷答:「阮籍既方外之士,故不崇禮典。我俗中之士,故以軌儀自居。」「時人歎為兩得。」——兩個人的話都照錄。同段接著寫青白眼:「籍又能為青白眼,見禮俗之士,以白眼對之。及嵇喜來弔,籍作白眼,喜不懌而退。喜弟康聞之,乃齎酒挾琴造焉,籍大悅,乃見青眼。由是禮法之士疾之若仇,而帝每保護之。」——白眼看禮俗之士,青眼看齎酒挾琴的嵇康;末句是傳的敘述,照錄。
「禮」這一句兩頁不同。本傳:「籍嫂嘗歸寧,籍相見與別。或譏之,籍曰:『禮豈為我設邪!』」《世說》:「阮籍嫂嘗還家,籍見與別。或譏之。籍曰:『禮豈為我輩設也?』」——「為我設」與「為我輩設」一字之差,並列。鄰家婦當壚沽酒,本傳作「籍嘗詣飲,醉,便臥其側。籍既不自嫌,其夫察之,亦不疑也」;《世說》作「阮與王安豐常從婦飲酒,阮醉,便眠其婦側。夫始殊疑之,伺察,終無他意」——《世說》多「王安豐」,「夫」的反應更細。
五、兩頁的分量
兩頁的性質不同:《晉書》是唐初所修的史傳,把一生串成一條線,並給出「由是不與世事」這樣的斷語;《世說》是南朝宋人編的軼事,一條一句,多對話,劉孝標的注又引了《文士傳》《鄧粲晉紀》《魏氏春秋》等異說。本文把「傳文」「軼事」「注引」三層分開寫:同一件事,史傳給總敘,世說給場面,注給異文。
兩頁都不給:步兵廚的編制與酒從哪來、斛與石怎麼換算、酒的度數、校尉的俸祿、卒年的月日(本傳只給「景元四年冬卒,時年五十四」)。本文不寫「魏晉風度」「放達」一類的通論,也不把阮籍講成寓言;兩頁給的是一串有年份、有對話、也有異文的事。
延伸閱讀:陶潛辭官的帳:五斗米、公田種秫與一篇自述 · 十二卷,一百一十八篇:一部針灸書怎麼編出來 · 冰:冬天鑿、夏天頒、死人洗浴也用
參考來源與延伸閱讀
- 《晋书》卷四十九·阮籍传(唐房玄龄等撰;维基文库本,页面白文无注,未与中华书局点校本复核) — The biography: Ruan Ji of Chenliu, who shut himself up with books for months, roamed the hills for days, loved the Zhuangzi and Laozi, drank and whistled and played the qin; he declined the summons of Jiang Ji, served briefly and left, resigned from Cao Shuang's staff and was proved far-sighted when Shuang was killed. Then 籍本有濟世志,屬魏、晉之際,天下多故,名士少有全者,籍由是不與世事,遂酣飲為常 — he had meant to do something in the world, but in those years few famous men survived, so he kept out of affairs and drank; when Emperor Wen tried to marry his son to Ruan Ji's daughter, Ji was drunk for sixty days and the matter could not be raised; Zhong Hui questioned him on current affairs to trap him, and he escaped each time through drink. 籍聞步兵廚營人善釀,有貯酒三百斛,乃求為步兵校尉 — hearing the cooks of the infantry office brewed well and had three hundred hu of wine in store, he asked for the post of colonel of infantry. The life then gives the nine tin-proclamation written at a drunken desk, the death of his mother with two dou of wine and blood spat, Pei Kai's visit, the blue and white eyes, his sister-in-law and the wine-shop woman, the lonely drives and the cry at Guangwu, and his death in the winter of Jingyuan 4 at fifty-four.
- 《世说新语·任诞》(南朝宋刘义庆撰,刘孝标注;维基文库本,页面白文夹注,未与中华书局点校本复核) — Anecdotes with Liu Xiaobiao's notes: 步兵校尉缺,廚中有貯酒數百斛,阮籍乃求為步兵校尉 — when the post of colonel of infantry fell vacant and the kitchen held several hundred hu of wine, Ruan Ji asked for it; the note quotes the Wen Shi Zhuan: 後聞步兵廚中有酒三百石,忻然求為校尉 — three hundred shi of wine, and he asked gladly. The same chapter has the scene in which, mourning his mother, he eats and drinks at Sima Zhao's table while He Zeng demands he be exiled; 阮籍當葬母,蒸一肥豚,飲酒二斗,然後臨訣,直言「窮矣」,with the note's Deng Can version giving three dou of wine; his sister-in-law's farewell and 禮豈為我輩設也; the wine-shop woman and 阮與王安豐常從婦飲酒; Pei Kai's visit; and 阮籍胸中壘塊,故須酒澆之.




