元封七年的詔書裡,有一句七個字:「其以七年為元年。」年號就這麼換了。而這次改曆的核心,在《漢書》裡只有一句:「法,一月之日二十九日八十一分日之四十三。」其餘全是過程:問了誰、試了什麼、立了哪兩件儀器、誰的法被廢、二十七年之後還有誰在爭。
改曆以前:襲秦正朔
《漢書》從一份報告和一道詔書講起。元封七年,「漢興百二歲矣」,大中大夫公孫卿、壺遂、太史令司馬遷等說「曆紀壞廢,宜改正朔」。天子讓御史大夫兒寬與博士共議,博士們的回答是原則:「帝王必改正朔,易服色,所以明受命於天也。」然後是詔書,先認帳再下令:「乃者有司言曆未定,廣延宣問,以考星度,未能讎也……其以七年為元年。」注意這道詔裡沒有什麼:沒有月長,沒有歲實,沒有一個數字。
《史記》把同一件事往前拉。開篇是一句原理:「王者易姓受命,必慎始初,改正朔,易服色,推本天元,順承厥意。」接著是沒改成的歷史:漢興,自以為得水德,「故襲秦正朔服色」;文帝時魯人公孫臣以終始五德上書請改,丞相張蒼以為非是,罷了;後來新垣平以望氣進言正曆服色,作亂被誅,文帝「廢不復問」。在《史記》的寫法裡,改曆是幾十年拖延之後的一次收尾。
三正:正月在哪個月
「改正朔」到底改什麼,《史記》正文有一句說得很清楚:「夏正以正月,殷正以十二月,周正以十一月。蓋三王之正若循環,窮則反本。天下有道,則不失紀序;無道,則正朔不行於諸侯。」三代的正月分別是正月、十二月、十一月,用的是月序,不是今天的日期;本篇也只用月序,不折成公曆。
新曆選的是哪一邊,也只用一句寫:「然後日辰之度與夏正同。」回到夏正,就是這次改曆的方向。至於夏正那個月相當於今天的幾月,兩頁都不說;秦的正朔是哪個月,兩頁也不說,只說漢初「襲秦」。
第一批人算不出來
第一道任命是一串名字加一套儀器:詔「卿、遂、遷與侍郎尊、大典星射姓等議造漢曆」;方法是「乃定東西,立晷儀,下漏刻,以追二十八宿相距於四方,舉終以定朔晦分至,躔離弦望」。然後是一句失敗:「姓等奏不能為算,願募治曆者,更造密度,各自增減,以造漢太初曆。」第一批人算不出來,才改成廣募——改曆不是一次成功,是先認輸,再找人。
二十餘人:名單與分工
第二批是那串常被引用的名單:「乃選治曆鄧平及長樂司馬可、酒泉候宜君、侍郎尊及與民間治曆者,凡二十餘人,方士唐都、巴郡落下閎與焉。都分天部,而閎運算轉曆。」人數照錄「二十餘人」,不給確數。名單裡有官、有邊地小吏、也有「民間治曆者」;「遷」一般認為就是司馬遷,但本頁只寫一個「遷」字。兩句分工也很具體:唐都分天部,落下閎運算轉曆——一個劃天區,一個推數字。
一句話的曆法,和沒完的爭論
定下來的法是分數,不是小數:「法,一月之日二十九日八十一分日之四十三。」本篇不化成小數,也不反推任何「月長」的現代值。分母從哪來,同頁給了自家說法:「其法以律起曆,曰:『律容一龠,積八十一寸,則一日之分也。』」曆名也由此而來:「鄧平所造八十一分律曆。」
同一場改曆裡還有兩套算法在爭,選哪一套的理由寫得很實在:「先藉半日,名曰陽曆;不藉,名曰陰曆……平曰:『陽曆朔皆先旦月生,以朝諸侯王群臣便。』」——挑陽曆,是因為朔在黎明前生,諸侯王群臣朝見方便。隨後是裁決與複核:「乃詔遷用鄧平所造八十一分律曆,罷廢尤疏遠者十七家」;宦者淳于陵渠複覆太初曆的晦朔弦望,「皆最密,日月如合璧,五星如連珠」——「最密」「合璧」「連珠」是讚語,照錄並標明是讚語;鄧平由此為太史丞。
《史記》給的是另一套,也缺另一套:沒有鄧平,沒有「二十餘人」,全書沒有「八十一分」這個詞;它有同一道詔的另一種措辭——「其更以七年為太初元年」,年名「焉逢攝提格」,月名「畢聚」,日得甲子,夜半朔旦冬至(《漢書》同處作「閼逢攝提格」,用字不同,兩存);它還有一張表,「曆術甲子篇」,列大餘小餘,「大餘者,日也;小餘者,月也」。表只提到這裡,數不換算。爭論也沒有完:二十七年後元鳳三年,太史令張壽王上書說「今陰陽不調,宜更曆之過也」,主曆使者鮮于妄人詰問,他不服;麻光等二十餘人雜候日月晦朔弦望、八節二十四氣,參校凡十一家,最後太初曆第一。兩頁都不給的是:觀測記錄、誤差、這部曆行用到哪一年。
延伸閱讀:封禪:泰山頂上站過的那幾個人 · 下棺那一天:既夕禮的啟、遷、發引與反哭 · 一部官制,一本配方:周禮的酒正與《齊民要術》的神麴
參考來源與延伸閱讀
- 班固《汉书》卷二十一〈律历志上〉(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The reform in order. In Yuanfeng 7, 'a hundred and two years after Han arose', Gongsun Qing, Hu Sui and the grand astrologer Sima Qian say the calendar record is ruined and the first month should be corrected; the scholars argue that a king must 'correct the first month and change the colours' to show he has the mandate; the edict admits the star measures could not be matched and ends 'make the seventh year the first year' (其以七年為元年). The first commission — Qing, Sui, Qian, the court gentleman Zun and the grand astrologer She Xing — sets up gnomon and water clock, then reports it 'could not do the calculations' (不能為算) and asks to recruit others. The second team: Deng Ping, a Ke of Changle, Yi Jun of Jiuquan, the court gentleman Zun and calendar men from among the people, 'twenty-odd in all', with Tang Du dividing the sky and Luoxia Hong turning the calculations. The rule adopted is one line: 'one month is twenty-nine days and forty-three eighty-firsts of a day' (一月之日二十九日八十一分日之四十三), with the denominator explained by 'the capacity of one yue is eighty-one cun, and that is the division of one day'. The yang and yin calendars differ by borrowing half a day, and the yang is chosen because its new moon rises before dawn, 'convenient for the marquises, kings and ministers to appear at court'. Seventeen schools are abolished, a eunuch re-checks the result as 'the closest', and Deng Ping is made assistant to the grand astrologer. Twenty-seven years later Zhang Shou Wang is still disputing it.
- 司马迁《史记》卷二十六〈历书〉(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — A different account, longer in principle and shorter in personnel. It opens with the rule that a new dynasty 'must be careful of the beginning, correct the first month, change the colours, and trace back to the celestial origin' (改正朔,易服色,推本天元); recalls that Han 'carried on Qin's first month and colours' (襲秦正朔服色); that under Wendi Gongsun Chen's proposal was dismissed by Zhang Cang and Xin Yuan Ping's ended in rebellion, after which the matter was dropped. It states the three first months in full: 'the Xia took the first month, the Yin the twelfth, the Zhou the eleventh; the first months of the three kings are like a cycle' (夏正以正月,殷正以十二月,周正以十一月). After Tang Du and Luoxia Hong, 'the degrees of the sun and the day were the same as the Xia first month'; the edict then reads 'make the seventh year the first year of Taichu' (其更以七年為太初元年), with the year name Yanfeng Tige, month name Biju, day jiazi, midnight, new moon at dawn, winter solstice — followed by the Ganzhi Sequence table of great and small remainders, 'the great remainder is the day, the small remainder is the month'. The Shiji has no Deng Ping, no twenty-odd men, and never uses the phrase 'eighty-one parts'.




