场景是晋国的一场宴席。婚事已经议定,晏子受了礼,叔向陪他喝酒,问他:「齐其何如?」晏子答:「此季世也,吾弗知。齐其为陈氏矣。公弃其民,而归於陈氏。」他给的理由不是兵,不是宫廷政变,而是一套量器。

四量:豆、区、釜、钟

齐国的旧量有四种,这一段按顺序摆出来:「齐旧四量:豆、区、釜、钟。四升为豆,各自其四,以登于釜,釜十则钟。」进位是四、四、十——两种进位串在同一条链上:豆到区、区到釜各四进,釜到钟十进。本页只给名目与进位,从不说一豆装多少;本篇也不替它补。

陈氏改的那一笔只有一句:「陈氏三量,皆登一焉,钟乃大矣。」一般认为「登一」是在旧量之上各加一等;本页无注,不给具体容量,也不说钟大了多少。本篇不换算、不乘倍数。这句要紧的不是算术,是位置:三只量器各加大一号,而加大的一号正落在链条最后那一环上。

以家量贷,以公量收

全篇的核心是这一句:「以家量贷,而以公量收之。」借出用自家的量器,收回用公家的量器。要说准它不是什么:它不是减税。赋税还是那些,变的只是量出与量入所用的两只斗。谷子按陈氏自家的大斗出去,按公家的小斗回来,同一个名义上的数,送出去时更大,收回时更小。本页把动作说完就停,不给比例;本篇也不给。

《史记》写同一件事,主角换了写法,动作的方向也换了词序:「田釐子乞事齐景公为大夫,其收赋税于民以小斗受之,其(粟)[禀]予民以大斗,行阴德于民,而景公弗禁。由此田氏得齐众心,宗族益强,民思田氏。」页面上「粟」字下附了校改,作「禀」,引用时照录并说明。

两段不能揉成一句。族名:一作陈氏,一作田氏——一般认为同一族的两写。手法:一边说「家量贷、公量收」,一边说「小斗受、大斗予」——方向说法相反,实质是一件事;但本篇并列,不合并。场合也不同:一边是宴上相与语,一边是「与叔向私语」。判断句的词也不一样:「齐其为陈氏矣」对「齐国之政卒归于田氏矣」。

不只斗大

量器只是那一串做法里的一项。山货不加价:「山木如市,弗加于山;鱼盐蜃蛤,弗加于海。」民力按三份算:「民参其力,二入于公,而衣食其一。」公室那一头相反:「公聚朽蠹,而三老冻馁」——粮烂在仓里,老人挨冻受饿。市场也有话说:「国之诸市,屦贱踊贵。」一般认为「踊」是受刖刑者所用的假脚;这一句带过就够,刑罚史不在这里展开。

效果,与晋国那一半

结果写在这段最常被引的一句里:「民人痛疾,而或燠休之。其爱之如父母,而归之如流水。欲无获民,将焉辟之。」「其」指陈氏;「爱之如父母」是晏子的话——一个齐国人当着晋国大夫的面说自己的国家,本篇把它当晏子的判断引,不当史家的结论。他后面还补一句关于陈氏祖先的话——「箕伯、直柄、虞遂、伯戏,其相胡公大姬,已在齐矣」——照录,族谱不展开。

叔向不争,只说晋国也在同一个季世。六句排比:「戎马不驾,卿无军行;公乘无人,卒列无长。庶民罢敝,而宫室滋侈。道殣相望,而女富溢尤。民闻公命,如逃寇雠。」接着是一串旧族——栾、郤、胥、原、狐、续、庆、伯——「降在皂隶」,最后一句:「政在家门,民无所依。」齐与晋,一国用斗,一国用空。

两页的层次与缺口

两页是两种文本:《左传》这一段是鲁昭公三年的一场对话,写得有来有往;《史记》是后来的概括,主角写作田釐子乞。两书异文已在上文并列,不裁断。两页都不给的是:量器的实物与容量、借贷的利息与期限与对象、齐国公室的收入数字,以及田氏代齐的后事——本页只到「齐其为陈氏矣」这一句判断,后事不补。也不写「得民心者得天下」:晏子的话是时人的判断,不是史家的结论。回到开头那场宴席:没有战争,没有诏令,只有一套偏大的斗,和一句说给邻国大夫听的私语。

延伸阅读:街巷有马:汉代的马价、马禁与铜马式 · 问鼎:一件铜器的轻重与一句「在德不在鼎」 · 上计:一本账怎么从县走到朝廷

参考来源与延伸阅读

  1. 《春秋左氏传·昭公》(昭公三年,维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — At a banquet in Jin, Shu Xiang asks Yanzi how Qi stands, and Yanzi answers that Qi will go to the Chen clan — the reason being measures, not armies: 'Qi's old four measures: dou, qu, fu, zhong. Four sheng make a dou; each fourfold, up to the fu; ten fu make a zhong. The three measures of the Chen clan were each raised one grade, so that their zhong was larger. They lend by the family measure and collect by the public one' (齊舊四量……陳氏三量,皆登一焉,鍾乃大矣。以家量貸,而以公量收之). The passage adds that timber is not raised above its hill price nor fish and salt above their sea price; that of the people's strength two parts go to the duke and one feeds them; that the duke's stores rot while the elders freeze; that in the markets 'shoes are cheap and false feet dear' (屨賤踊貴); and that 'they love him as parents and go to him like water' (其愛之如父母,而歸之如流水). Shu Xiang answers with Jin's own diagnosis — war-horses unyoked, ministers without troops, the roads full of dead, the people fleeing the duke's orders like an enemy, eight old clans reduced to servants, 'government in the great families' (政在家門).
  2. 《史记》卷四十六〈田敬仲完世家〉(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The Shiji's condensation, with the clan written Tian and the operation in the opposite word order: 'Tian Lizi Qi served Duke Jing of Qi as a great officer; when he collected taxes from the people he received them with a small dou, and when he gave out grain he did so with a large one, doing hidden kindness among the people, and Duke Jing did not forbid it. From this the Tian clan won the hearts of Qi, the clan grew stronger, and the people thought of Tian. Yanzi remonstrated several times and the duke did not listen. Later, sent to Jin, he whispered privately to Shu Xiang: the government of Qi will end with the Tian clan' (其收賦稅於民以小斗受之,其稟予民以大斗……齊國之政卒歸於田氏矣). The page prints a correction in its text here (粟 corrected to 稟), which is noted where quoted.