最短的一条,六个字:「三年,春,王二月,己巳,日有食之。」——《春秋》隐公三年,春天,周历二月,己巳那天,太阳被吃了。「日有食之」四个字,是记这件事的套语。这一篇分两层:日食那天做了什么(经与传分开),闰月怎么置(元年闰三月、六年闰月不告朔)。
一、经与传:一条记事,一句评判
先把经的两条摆出来。隐公三年:「三年,春,王二月,己巳,日有食之。」——只有日子与现象。文公十五年:「六月,辛丑,朔,日有食之,鼓用牲于社」——这一条多了一个「朔」字,还多了一个动作:击鼓,在社用牲。经是记事,记到哪儿算哪儿;它不解释,也不评判。
传就评判了,而且给了分工:「六月,辛丑朔,日有食之,鼓用牲于社,非礼也。日有食之,天子不举,伐鼓于社,诸侯用币于社,伐鼓于朝,以昭事神,训民事君,示有等威,古之道也。」——传先说鲁国这么做「非礼也」;再说该怎么做:天子不举乐,在社击鼓;诸侯在社用币,在朝击鼓;目的是「昭事神、训民事君、示有等威」,并说这是「古之道」。所以要分清楚:鲁国实际做的是「鼓用牲于社」,传说的「古之道」是另一套分工。传没有说鲁国为什么不合礼,本页也没有。
二、闰三月:一条「非礼」的记录
闰月这一层,文公元年先给了一句判断:「于是闰三月,非礼也。」——在这一年闰三月,不合礼。为什么不合理,传给的是三句口诀:「先王之正时也,履端于始,举正于中,归余于终。履端于始,序则不愆。举正于中,民则不惑。归余于终,事则不悖。」——先王正时:开端放在起点,中气放在中间,余数放在末尾;开端端正,次序就不乱;中气摆对,百姓就不惑;余数归末,事情就不悖。三句照录,传没有给具体推算,本篇也不替它排。
文公六年又有一条:「闰月不告朔,非礼也。闰以正时,时以作事,事以厚生,生民之道,于是乎在矣。不告闰朔,弃时政也,何以为民?」——闰月不告朔,不合礼;闰是为了正时,时是为了作事,事是为了厚生,「生民之道」就在这里;不告闰朔,是「弃时政」,还怎么为民?「告朔」具体怎么告,本页不细说。
三、汉志:百余年历不正
《汉书·律历志》把这件事往后接了一句:「自文公闰月不告朔,至此百有余年,莫能正历数。」——从文公闰月不告朔,到这时候一百多年,没有人能把历数改正。同页还引了一句:「天子有日官,诸侯有日御,日官居卿以厎日,礼也」;又说「不书日,官失之也」——不记日子,是官失其职。这些都是汉书的话,本篇标明是汉人的追述,不当作春秋人的自述。它还用一对经传说明这件事:「经曰:『冬十月朔,日有食之。』传曰:『不书日,官失之也。』」——不记日子,本身也是一条记录,还带着解释。
两页不给的也要列清:日食发生在什么时辰、食分多少、在哪儿看得见,本页都不给;闰月几年一闰、闰在何月、怎么推算,本页只给「闰三月」和「闰月」两处,不给算法。所以本篇不推算具体年月,也不折成公历日期。
四、「日有食之」四个字
经里反复用「日有食之」,不写「日食」,写「日有食之」——太阳被吃了、有东西吃了它。这四个字是本页给的说法,本页不解释它;本篇也不拿天文学去复原(不算食分、不推路径)。只把这几条照录:隐公三年「二月,己巳」,文公十五年「六月,辛丑,朔」——后者多一个「朔」字,正好说明这条记的是朔日。
五、两页之外
分线写两句:汉代太初改历那一条讲的是谁提议、谁计算、一句话定下来,本篇讲的是春秋人遇到日食怎么做、闰月怎么往十二个月里塞;卜筮那一条讲的是占问的程序,本篇不涉。也不写「古代天文学成就」或「天人感应」这类通论——三页给的是几条记事、几句传文、一句汉志的后果。
留下的是几样很具体的东西:两条经的写法(「日有食之」、「日有食之,鼓用牲于社」)、一句传的评判与分工(天子不举、伐鼓于社;诸侯用币于社、伐鼓于朝)、三句置闰口诀(履端于始、举正于中、归余于终)、两条「非礼」(闰三月、闰月不告朔)、一句汉志的后果(百余年莫能正历数)。此外不再往下推:不折公历,不排闰法,也不评判「礼」的好坏。
延伸阅读:黄肠题凑:一套木头的名字,和谁能用 · 雉登鼎耳:祭祖那天飞来的一只鸟 · 大傩:一年最后一夜,宫里把疫送出城门
参考来源与延伸阅读
- 《春秋左氏传·文公》(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The entries used here, with the classic and the commentary distinguished. Classic, fifteenth year: 'in the sixth month, on the xinchou day, the first of the month, the sun was eaten; drums were beaten and victims offered at the altar of soil' (六月,辛丑,朔,日有食之,鼓用牲于社). Commentary on the same: 'drums and victims at the altar of soil — this was not according to ritual. When the sun is eaten, the Son of Heaven does not provide music; drums are beaten at the altar of soil; the feudal lords offer silks at the altar and beat drums at the court, to display service to the spirits and to instruct the people in serving their ruler and to show the gradations of rank — this was the way of antiquity' (日有食之,天子不舉,伐鼓于社,諸侯用幣于社,伐鼓于朝……古之道也). First year: 'thereupon they intercalated a third month, which was not according to ritual. In the ancient kings' ordering of the seasons, the beginning was set at the start, the middle was set at the middle, and the surplus was put at the end; with the beginning at the start the order is not erred; with the middle at the middle the people are not confused; with the surplus at the end affairs are not disordered' (履端於始,舉正於中,歸餘於終). Sixth year: 'not announcing the first of the month in an intercalary month was not according to ritual. The intercalation is to correct the seasons, the seasons to make work, work to enrich life; the way of the people lies in this. Not to announce the intercalary first is to cast away the government of the seasons — how then to be the people's ruler?' (閏月不告朔,非禮也……)
- 《春秋左氏传·隐公》(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The classic's shortest note of an eclipse, third year: 'in the third year, spring, royal second month, on the jisi day, the sun was eaten' (三年,春,王二月,己巳,日有食之). The page marks classic entries with a template; the line is quoted as the classic. No commentary is given for this entry on the page — nothing is said about what was done.
- 《汉书》卷二十一〈律历志〉(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — Used only for the later consequence and the officers of the calendar: 'from Duke Wen's failure to announce the first of the month in the intercalary month, down to this time more than a hundred years, no one could put the calendar right' (自文公閏月不告朔,至此百有餘年,莫能正曆數); and the saying that 'the Son of Heaven has his day-officer, the feudal lords their day-attendants; the day-officer ranks with the ministers to settle the days — that is ritual' (天子有日官,諸侯有日御,日官居卿以厎日,禮也), with the note that when the day is not recorded 'the officers lost it' (不書日,官失之也). This is a Han treatise quoting the classic and commentary, and it is marked as a Han statement here.




