礼书里有个场面,今天读来仍会一愣:加冠之后,冠者拿着脯,从西阶下来,到东壁,面朝北见母亲——「母拜受,子拜送,母又拜」。母亲向儿子下拜,儿子还拜,母亲再拜。这一天之前,这套动作不会发生;这一天之后,它就是常态。

先问日子,再问客人

冠礼的准备比仪式还长。先「筮日」——用占卜择日子;「前期三日,筮宾」——仪式前三天再用同样的办法择一位宾来主持加冠。然后是「宿宾」,把宾请定;到前一天傍晚,在庙门外「为期」,宰报告时辰:「质明行事」,天一亮就办。主人去请宾时说:「某有子某。将加布于其首,愿吾子之教之也。」——我有个儿子某某,将要在他头上加布,希望您教导他。礼书讲这件大事,用的词是「加布于其首」——最直白。

《礼记·冠义》解释了为什么要这么郑重:「古者冠礼:筮日、筮宾,所以敬冠事。敬冠事所以重礼,重礼所以为国本也。」——择日子、择宾,是为了敬重这件事;敬重它,是为了重礼;重礼,是「为国本」。又说行礼要在庙里:「重冠故行之於庙……所以自卑而尊先祖也。」把一件家事放进祖庙,等于说:这不是我们自己的事。

三加

仪式当天,衣服先摆开。房中西墙下,东领朝北:爵弁服(纁裳、纯衣、缁带、韎韐)、皮弁服(素积、缁带、素韠)、玄端(玄裳、黄裳、杂裳都可以)、缁布冠(缺项、青组缨);还有缁纚、皮弁笄与爵弁笄、栉、两张蒲席、一壶醴、勺觯角柶、脯醢。三顶冠各放一竹器,由人捧着等在阶下。

加冠三次,每次一顶冠、一套服、一段祝辞。始加缁布冠,祝曰:「令月吉日,始加元服。弃尔幼志,顺尔成德。寿考惟祺,介尔景福。」——好月好日,初加元服;丢开孩子的心思,顺着你已成的德;长寿吉祥,大福加给你。再加皮弁,祝曰:「吉月令辰,乃申尔服。敬尔威仪,淑慎尔德。眉寿万年,永受胡福。」三加爵弁,祝曰:「以岁之正,以月之令,咸加尔服。兄弟具在,以成厥德。黄耇无疆,受天之庆。」三顶冠一次比一次尊,这就是篇末「记」说的「三加弥尊」。

加完是一觯醴:「甘醴惟厚,嘉荐令芳。拜受祭之,以定尔祥。承天之休,寿考不忘。」若不用醴,改「醮」用酒,另有醮辞——一部礼书里并存两套程序。然后宾为冠者取字,字辞说:「礼仪既备,令月吉日,昭告尔字……曰伯某甫。」排行不同,字也不同(仲、叔、季)。接着是按次序见人:见母、见兄弟、见赞者、见姑与姊;再换玄冠玄端,执挚去见国君,又去见乡大夫、乡先生。

「成人之道」

《冠义》把这一串动作解释成一句话:「已冠而字之,成人之道也。」为什么母亲要拜?因为「成人而与为礼也」——从此母子之间也按成人的礼来往。冠义再往前推一步,说出全篇最重的一句:「成人之者,将责成人礼焉也。责成人礼焉者,将责为人子、为人弟、为人臣、为人少者之礼行焉。」——让他成人,是要拿成人的礼来要求他;所谓成人的礼,就是做儿子、做弟弟、做臣、做晚辈的礼。结论是「孝弟忠顺之行立,而后可以为人」。

冠礼不是庆祝长大,是把责任加在人身上;帽子只是记号。这一点在《仪礼》与《礼记》的分别里看得最清楚:同样一句「三加弥尊」,《仪礼·士冠礼》篇末的记说「论其志也」(一层层加冠,是论定他的志向),《礼记·冠义》说「加有成也」(一层层加冠,是加给他已成之德)。一句仪节,两处解释;仪节手册与义理文章不能混读。

谁行这个礼

《士冠礼》是给「士」写的。篇末记说得更清楚:「无大夫冠礼,而有其昏礼。古者五十而后爵,何大夫冠礼之有?」——大夫没有冠礼,因为古时五十岁才受爵,早过了加冠的年纪;「公侯之有冠礼也,夏之末造也」——诸侯的冠礼是晚出的;「天子之元子,犹士也,天下无生而贵者也」——天子的长子也用士礼,天下没有生下来就贵的人。几句就把立场说尽了:士阶层的礼制文本,不是全民习俗。

年龄也说一句:两页都不写年岁。「二十而冠」是别的礼书篇目的规定,不在本文所据两页之内;实际行冠的年龄各代未必一律,这篇不替它定死。两页只把冠称作「礼之始」,把加冠之后称作「成人之道」——它们关心的不是几岁,而是加冠这一步在人的一生中排在什么位置。

材料没有的

没有一次实际举行的记录,没有年份、地点、人名,也没说多少人真的照做。冠名与服制在篇内还自有出入:记里说「委貌,周道也;章甫,殷道也;毌追,夏后氏之道也」,又说「周弁、殷冔、夏收」,三代各有冠名;「三王共皮弁素积」;醴与醮又是两套程序。异文异制,照录不合并。所以本文写的是「礼书说的冠礼」——一场被一步步写下来的仪式,不是「周代人都这样成年」。

延伸阅读:五十个博士弟子:汉太学的初置 · 一架弩,五十步城墙:战国城守的日常 · 葵、菽与羔羊:春秋人吃什么

参考来源与延伸阅读

  1. 《仪礼·士冠礼》(战国至汉初成书;维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The ritual manual itself, step by step. The day and the guest are chosen by divination (筮日;前期三日,筮賓,如求日之儀), the guest is invited and lodged, and the hour is set by the steward: 'act at full daylight' (質明行事). The invitation says 'I have a son, so-and-so; I am about to add cloth to his head; I wish you, sir, to instruct him' (某有子某,將加布於其首,願吾子之教之也). The clothes to be worn are laid out in the room: the jue-bian robes, the pi-bian robes, the dark xuan-duan, and the black cloth cap with its black silk band. The candidate is capped three times — black cloth cap, then leather cap (皮弁), then the jue cap (爵弁) — each with a blessing, of which the first begins 'A lucky month and a lucky day: first we add the primary garment; cast off your childish will, follow your accomplished virtue.' A cup of sweet wine (or, if not wine, the jiao variant) follows, then the guest gives him his courtesy name (字), then he is presented to his mother, brothers, the assistants, his aunts and elder sisters, changes into dark cap and dark robe, and is presented to his lord, the great officers of the district and the village elders. The closing 'notes' (記) add: 'the three caps grow more honoured each time — this is to discuss his intentions'; 'there is no capping rite for great officers'; 'the eldest son of the Son of Heaven is still a shi — under heaven no one is noble at birth'.
  2. 《礼记·冠义》(战国至汉初成书;维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — A short essay on the meaning of the rite, with no procedure of its own. It argues that 'the capping is the beginning of ritual' (冠者,禮之始也) because only after capping is dress complete, and only then are bearing, expression and speech correct; that the ancients divined the day and the guest 'to respect the capping, and respecting it to honour ritual, and honouring ritual as the root of the state'; that capping on the eastern steps marks succession, the cup at the guest's place and the three caps mark accomplishment, and the giving of the courtesy name is 'the way of the adult'; that when he is presented to his mother she bows to him, 'for he is an adult and is treated with ritual'. Then the essay's key move: 'to make him an adult is to hold him to adult ritual' — the duties of son, younger brother, subject and junior — and 'only when the conduct of filial piety, fraternal duty, loyalty and compliance is established can a man be a man'.