葵丘之盟,《左傳》只留下一句盟辭:「秋,齊侯盟諸侯于葵丘,曰:『凡我同盟之人,既盟之後,言歸于好。』」——十幾個字。但《孟子·告子下》追述同一場會,多出五條禁令,還多一句儀式。先把兩層分開:《左傳》是編年敘事,《孟子》是戰國人追述與評價;兩書留下的東西不一樣,不能拼成一份「盟書全文」。
一、葵丘:一句話
《左傳》僖公九年:夏,「會于葵丘,尋盟,且脩好,禮也」;秋,「齊侯盟諸侯于葵丘」,說的就是那一句。「尋盟」一般認為即重申舊盟,這裡標作通說——盟不是一次性的,要反覆確認。同一場會還有一段:王使宰孔賜齊侯胙,傳天子之言「以伯舅耋老,加勞賜一級,無下拜」;齊侯答「天威不違顏咫尺,小白,余敢貪天子之命無下拜」,於是「下拜登受」——盟主見了王使,仍要下拜。
同一場會,同時人的批評也記下來了。宰孔先歸,遇晉侯,說「可無會也。齊侯不務德而勤遠略,故北伐山戎,南伐楚,西為此會也」——這是宰孔的話,是對這場會的評論,不是制度。
二、孟子多出來的五條
《孟子》先給一句儀式:「葵丘之會,諸侯束牲載書而不歃血。」——捆好牲,把盟書放在上面,不歃血。「束牲載書」一般認為即捆牲、載書於牲上,本頁未詳解;「不歃血」是《孟子》特意點出的,據推測是這場會的特例,本文只寫這一句,不補割耳、塗血、埋書之類的程序。
然後是五條,照錄:初命「誅不孝,無易樹子,無以妾為妻」;再命「尊賢、育才,以彰有德」;三命「敬老、慈幼,無忘賓旅」;四命「士無世官,官事無攝,取士必得,無專殺大夫」;五命「無曲防,無遏糴,無有封而不告」。五件事:家務與繼承、尊賢育才、敬老慈幼與過境賓客、官職取士與刑殺、水利粮禁與封賞。孟子隨後也記那一句誓辭:「凡我同盟之人,既盟之後,言歸于好」——與《左傳》一字不差。
三、踐土:罰則怎麼寫
僖公二十八年的事。衛侯「請盟,晉人弗許」——求盟被拒,也記下來了。然後是王庭之盟:「癸亥,王子虎盟諸侯于王庭。」——主盟的是王子虎,周王的王子,不是晉侯。要言一句:「皆獎王室,無相害也!」接著是罰則:「有渝此盟,明神殛之!俾隊其師,無克祚國,及其玄孫,無有老幼!」——違背此盟,明神殛之,使他的軍隊墜落,不能享有國祚,一直到玄孫,不分老幼。這是盟辭裡的話,不是發生過的處罰記錄;同一段還有「君子謂是盟也信,謂晉於是役也能以德攻」,那是史家的評論。
宛濮另有一份,語境具體:「甯武子與衛人盟于宛濮。」緣由是「天禍衛國,君臣不協,以及此憂也」;兩句問話:「不有居者,誰守社稷?不有行者,誰扞牧圉?」然後是免責與罰則:「自今日以往,既盟之後,行者無保其力,居者無懼其罪。有渝此盟,以相及也。明神先君,是糾是殛。」——跟著君出走的、留下守國的,互不追究;違背的,由「明神先君」來糾、來殛,把祖先也請來作證。效果一句:「國人聞此盟也,而後不貳。」
四、背盟之後:誰動手
盟辭請神,執行卻落在人身上。衛侯與元咺「訟」——在霸主面前打官司:「甯武子為輔,鍼莊子為坐,士榮為大士。衛侯不勝。殺士榮,刖鍼莊子,謂甯俞忠而免之。」然後是:「執衛侯,歸之于京師,寘諸深室。」——把衛侯抓起來,送到京師,關在「深室」裡;「深室」據推測即幽囚之所,本頁無注。動手的是晉人,不是明神。
這件事的來龍去脈要按原文寫,不能簡化成「衛侯殺弟」。衛侯聞楚師敗,懼,出奔楚,使元咺奉叔武以受盟;後來「或訴元咺于衛侯曰:『立叔武矣。』」其子角從公,公使殺之;衛侯先期入,叔武將沐,「捉髮走出」,被前驅射殺;公「枕之股而哭之」,使殺歂犬;元咺出奔晉。順序如此,人物如此,本文照錄,不替它歸併。
五、兩頁都不給的
不給盟書實物:尺寸、材質、玉片、埋藏——那是另一題的材料,這裡一句不用。不給盟會參加人數與次數統計;不給歃血、割耳、埋書等任何程序(兩頁只有孟子一句「不歃血」);不折僖公紀年為精確公曆;不用「國際法」「條約體系」「霸權穩定」這類現代框架;不寫「春秋外交秩序」通論。城濮的戰事經過屬另一篇,本文只用戰後之盟。
還有一處並列要留著:對葵丘的評價,宰孔說「齊侯不務德而勤遠略」,孟子說「五霸者,三王之罪人也」——兩條都是評論,都不當事實。寫在盟書上的話,請神來管;真動手時,是霸主開法庭、晉人抓人、送進京師關起來。一句誓辭兩書都留,五條禁令只有一人記得。
延伸閱讀:三十稅一:漢代的田租 · 錢少的時候:小錢與一場廢錢之議 · 國家的書架:四個人校書,一份六略總帳
參考來源與延伸閱讀
- 《春秋左氏传·僖公九年、二十八年》(维基文库本,页面白文无注,未与中华书局点校本复核) — Year by year. Kuiqiu in Duke Xi's ninth year: in summer the meeting 'renewed the covenant and cultivated good relations'; in autumn 'the lord of Qi covenanted the princes at Kuiqiu, saying: all of us in this covenant, once sworn, return to good relations' — that one sentence is all the Zuo records of the oath. The same year has the royal envoy Zai Kong bringing sacrificial meat, the order that the old lord need not bow, and his bowing anyway; and Zai Kong's parting remark that the lord of Qi 'does not work at virtue but is busy with distant plans'. In the twenty-eighth year: the duke of Wei asks for a covenant and Jin refuses; Prince Hu covenants the princes at the royal court, whose words run 'all support the royal house, do no harm to one another; whoever breaks this covenant, may the bright spirits strike him, destroy his army, end his state, to the great-grandchildren, sparing neither old nor young'; at Wanpu Ning Wuzi covenants with the men of Wei that those who fled and those who stayed are not to be blamed, with 'the bright spirits and the former lords' as the ones who will correct and strike; and the duke of Wei, sued by Yuan Xuan before Jin, loses, and is taken and imprisoned in the 'deep chamber' in the capital.
- 《孟子·告子下》(维基文库本,页面白文无注,未与中华书局点校本复核) — A Warring States Confucian's retrospective on the covenant, inside the argument that the five lords are criminals against the three kings: at Kuiqiu 'the princes bound the victim and laid the written covenant on it, and did not smear blood'; then five injunctions — punish the unfilial, do not change the heir, do not make a concubine a wife; honour the worthy and rear talent; respect the old, cherish the young, do not neglect guests and travellers; no hereditary office, no concurrent posts, choose men rightly, do not kill great officers at will; no crooked dykes, no blocking grain, no enfeoffment without report — and then the same closing sentence the Zuo has. The passage also says the lords of his own day all break these five prohibitions. Used here as later memory, not as an archive of the covenant.




