最奇怪的一句先擺出來:「有人曰王亥,兩手操鳥,方食其頭。」——一個人,兩隻手拿著鳥,正在吃鳥的頭。這是王亥在《山海經·大荒東經》裡的出場——不在敘述的開頭,而夾在一個族(困民國)的條目裡,與東方大荒的諸國諸怪排在一起。這一篇只做一件事:把三處寫到王亥(或可能寫到他)的文本並排擺出,各標各的性質,不縫成一篇傳記。
一、《山海經》:操鳥、僕牛與被殺
原句連在一起:「有困民國,勾姓,黍食。有人曰王亥,兩手操鳥,方食其頭。王亥托于有易、河伯僕牛。有易殺王亥,取僕牛。」後面還有一段:「河伯念有易,有易潛出,為國于獸,方食之,名曰搖民。帝舜生戲,戲生搖民。」本頁的筆法是一句一事、不解釋,連帝舜的後代為什麼與有易同處一段也不交代;本篇照錄,也不替它講因果。
名物就照原文放著:「有易」「河伯」「僕牛」。本頁正文只有這幾處,沒有說僕牛是牛還是人,沒有說有易在哪裡,也沒有說王亥為什麼「托于」他們。頁內還夾著編者所加的異讀(如「河伯」一作「河」),那是錄文標記,不是原文,本篇引用只取正文。
二、《竹書紀年》輯本:一句編年材料
第二處來自《古本竹書紀年輯校》。這一頁不是原書,是把別的書裡引到的《紀年》文字一條條抄回來、各注出處;這一條收在「無年世可系者」之下:「殷王子亥賓于有易而淫焉,有易之君綿臣殺而放之,故殷主甲微假帥于河伯以伐有易,滅之,遂殺其君綿臣。」注裡說明它出自《山海經·大荒東經》的注——也就是注家引《紀年》的那一句。所以這一層雖然是「編年」,卻也是轉手來的。
與《山海經》對讀,多出來的東西有三樣:有易之君的名字「綿臣」;王亥被殺的由頭「賓于有易而淫焉」;以及後面的復仇——甲微向河伯借兵,滅有易,殺綿臣。《山海經》那邊只有「有易殺王亥,取僕牛」六個字。兩處並列,本篇不合併、不裁斷哪一個更近實,也不拿一邊去補另一邊的空白。
三、《史記》:世系裡只有一個「振」
第三處是《史記·殷本紀》的世系,原文是:「曹圉卒,子冥立。冥卒,子振立。振卒,子微立。」——冥、振、微三代,接著是報丁、報乙、報丙、主壬、主癸,到天乙,就是成湯。這一段裡沒有「王亥」兩個字,每條只有一句:誰卒、誰立,不記事跡,敘事要到成湯才開始。後世注家與近代學者(王國維以來)認為這個「振」就是王亥,那是一說,不是《史記》原文;本篇標明它是後人的說法。
還有一個名字可以對:「微」。史記作「微」,輯本那條作「殷主甲微」——一般認為是一個人。可以對上,也不能據此把幾條材料縫成一篇傳記:一處是異聞,一處是輯佚的引文,一處是世系,三種東西說的是不是同一件事,各頁都沒有交代。
四、甲骨:材料裡沒有
甲骨裡據說有與王亥相關的卜辭,但它不在當前這三頁材料內:三頁沒有一條卜辭、沒有一片甲骨。所以本篇明寫:沒有。不引甲骨,也不拿它補故事的空白;同樣不寫「商族起源」「先商史」這類通論——三頁給的是一個名字、一則被殺的故事、一行世系,別的沒有。
五、三種文本,三種性質
分層寫死:《山海經·大荒東經》是異聞筆法,一句一事,本頁還標著 textquality 75%,異讀不少;《古本竹書紀年輯校》是輯本,條目本身是從他書注裡引回來的,所以「編年」這層也隔了一層;《史記·殷本紀》是西漢的世系敘述,用「振」不用「王亥」。三者不是同一層,不許縫成一篇傳記——這一篇只把它們擺在一起看。
各頁不給的也列清:王亥的時代、有易的地望、「僕牛」究竟是什麼、事件的經過(怎麼「托」、怎麼被殺)、甲微復仇的細節,各頁給的不一樣或乾脆不給;本篇都不補。輯本頁裡還有一句注:「河伯、僕牛皆人姓名,見《紀年》」——這是注家的話,標明是注,不當正文。
收束一句:「王亥」在這些文本裡只出現幾次——一次兩手操鳥吃鳥頭,一次托于有易、河伯僕牛而被殺,一次作為「振」出現在世系裡,一次在輯本的注裡被稱為「殷王子亥」。分四處讀,比合成一個人可靠。
延伸閱讀:賦詩:七個人,七首詩,一句判詞 · 游俠:朱家、劇孟與郭解 · 商人的上帝:誰在降福降禍
參考來源與延伸閱讀
- 《山海经·大荒东经》(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The strangest of the three passages, and the only one that names Wang Hai as a figure: 'there is the State of the Kunmin, of the Gou surname, who eat millet. There is a man called Wang Hai, who holds a bird in his two hands and is eating its head. Wang Hai entrusted himself to the Youyi and to the Hebo for oxen. The Youyi killed Wang Hai and took the oxen. The Hebo remembered the Youyi; the Youyi slipped away and made a state among the beasts, and while it was eating, it was named the Yaomin' (有人曰王亥,兩手操鳥,方食其頭。王亥托于有易、河伯僕牛。有易殺王亥,取僕牛). The page is marked textquality 75% and carries the transcribers' variant readings in double brackets ({{另}}), which are not quoted here; it gives no date, no place, and no explanation of 'the oxen'.
- 《古本竹书纪年辑校》(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The Bamboo Annals survive only in fragments quoted by other books, and this page is a reconstruction that prints each fragment with the work it was quoted from. Under 'those with no year to attach them to' it gives: 'Prince Hai of Yin was a guest among the Youyi and was licentious there; the lord of the Youyi, Mianchen, killed him and cast him out; therefore the Yin ruler Jia Wei borrowed troops from the Hebo to attack the Youyi, destroyed them, and killed their lord Mianchen' (殷王子亥賓于有易而淫焉,有易之君綿臣殺而放之,故殷主甲微假帥于河伯以伐有易,滅之,遂殺其君綿臣), with the note that this was quoted from the commentary to the Shanhaijing's 'Dahuan East' chapter. The same page quotes a note that 'the Hebo and Pu-niu are both men's names, seen in the Ji nian' (河伯、僕牛皆人姓名,見《紀年》) — a commentator's gloss, marked here as a gloss and not as the received text.
- 《史记》卷三〈殷本纪〉(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — Used only for the genealogy, which does not contain the name Wang Hai at all: 'Cao Yu died, and his son Ming took his place. Ming died, and his son Zhen took his place. Zhen died, and his son Wei took his place' (曹圉卒,子冥立。冥卒,子振立。振卒,子微立) — the line continues through Bao Ding, Bao Yi, Bao Bing, Zhu Ren, Zhu Gui to Tian Yi, who is Tang. The identification of this 'Zhen' with Wang Hai is a later commentators' and modern scholars' argument, not something the Shiji says; this piece marks it as such.




