《尚書·呂刑》開頭一句交代了場合:「惟呂命:王享國百年,耄,荒度作刑,以詰四方。」——王在位很久,年紀老了,才議定刑法,用來治理四方。哪一位王,這一頁沒有寫;《史記·周本紀》把這個場合繫在穆王名下,說話的人寫作「甫侯」。同一套文字,兩頁給了兩個篇名:一頁叫《呂刑》,一頁「命曰甫刑」。
墨、劓、剕、宮、大辟
五刑的名目,是靠贖價那一段列出來的:墨、劓、剕、宮、大辟。往前追,篇首講這套刑的來歷:苗民「弗用靈,制以刑,惟作五虐之刑曰法,殺戮無辜」,上帝因而「遏絕苗民」;隨後是伯夷降典、禹平水土、稷播種,最後一句「士制百姓于刑之中,以教祗德」——刑被放在一套德教與治水的敘事之後,才落到條文。《史記》這一段把刑名寫成黥、劓、臏、宮、大辟:黥對墨,臏對剕,是兩種寫法,不是兩套刑。
接著是屬數:「墨罰之屬千,劓罰之屬千,剕罰之屬五百,宮罰之屬三百,大辟之罰,其屬二百;五刑之屬三千。」——墨、劓各一千條,剕五百,宮三百,大辟二百,合起來三千。三千是條文屬類的數,不是案子數;文本到此為止,沒有說這三千條裡哪一條用過幾次。
其罰百鍰
贖價一段寫得整齊:「墨辟疑赦,其罰百鍰,閱實其罪。劓辟疑赦,其罰惟倍,閱實其罪。剕辟疑赦,其罰倍差,閱實其罪。宮辟疑赦,其罰六百鍰,閱實其罪。大辟疑赦,其罰千鍰,閱實其罪。」——墨一百鍰,劓加倍,剕「倍差」,宮六百鍰,大辟一千鍰;每一句後面都跟一句「閱實其罪」。「倍」「倍差」是相對前一項的倍數說法,兩頁都沒有給算式,這裡也不替它算;鍰數照錄,不折金重,也不折成現代的錢。
《史記》有一段平行文字,字句很接近,異文正好看得見:它作「黥辟疑赦,其罰百率……劓……其罰倍灑……臏……其罰倍差……宮辟疑赦,其罰五百率……大辟疑赦,其罰千率」,並說「命曰甫刑」。兩處要記:一是宮刑的價,《呂刑》頁作六百鍰,頁內另本作五百鍰,《史記》正作五百率;二是單位,《史記》作「率」,頁內校記引徐廣說「率即鍰也」。此外它還作「五辭簡信」,與《呂刑》的「五辭簡孚」一字之差。
五刑之疑有赦
贖刑的關鍵在前兩個字:「疑赦」。「五刑之疑有赦,五罰之疑有赦,其審克之。」——只有案子有疑,才走赦而罰的一路;「其審克之」則把這層判斷交給審案的人。每一句贖價後面又都跟「閱實其罪」:先把罪狀核實,再談罰多少。所以這不是「花錢免刑」:能贖的是有疑的案子,不是所有犯罪;文本也沒有說誰交過錢、交了多少。
同一篇裡還有一整套程序,像是替這套贖價設的閘:「兩造具備,師聽五辭,五辭簡孚,正于五刑;五刑不簡,正于五罰;五罰不服,正于五過;五過之疵,惟官、惟反、惟內、惟貨、惟來。」——雙方到場,聽五辭;五辭核實了,按五刑;不能核實,按五罰;五罰不服,按五過;而五過裡的毛病,列了官、反、內、貨、來五種。再往下:「明清于單辭」「獄貨非寶,惟府辜功」「非佞折獄,惟良折獄」「刑罰世輕世重,惟齊非齊,有倫有要」。這些條款說明文本自己在防濫用;但它們仍是條文,不是判例。
制度文本,不是判決記錄
兩頁都不給案例。沒有被告的名字,沒有一次實際的贖納,沒有哪一年用過哪一條;也沒有說這套價目在各邦國執行得怎樣。《呂刑》通篇是「王曰」的誥命體,反覆告誡司政典獄的人「念之哉」「敬之哉」;《史記》那一段是西漢人的追述,交代「諸侯有不睦者,甫侯言於王,作《修刑辟》」,最後「命曰甫刑」。兩頁合起來,也只能說「文本這樣寫」,不能說「西周司法如此」。
篇名與時代也要分開寫:《尚書》題《呂刑》,開頭只稱「王」;《史記》稱甫侯、甫刑,並把這個王繫在穆王。通行的說法是呂侯(甫侯)為穆王司寇、作這篇刑書,兩頁都沒有明說,只能標「一般認為」;本篇也不作「西周法典」的定論。與漢代兩篇分線:九章律與除肉刑講的是漢制,這裡講的是《尚書》裡的一份周制文本。
兩頁之間
兩頁對讀,能拿到的東西很具體:五刑的名目、五組贖價、五刑之屬三千、兩造五辭五刑五罰五過的程序,以及呂刑與甫刑兩個篇名、宮刑六百與五百、墨與黥、剕與臏這些異文。拿不到的也同樣具體:沒有判決、沒有執行數、沒有換算。鍰數照錄,不折金重、不折現代錢;五刑名目與篇名照原文寫;不寫「古代刑罰殘酷」這類總評。這篇文章只做一件事:把條文擺出來,把「疑赦」兩個字講清楚。
延伸閱讀:占田七十畝:一條上限,不是一次分地 · 黃金千溢:史書裡怎麼數這塊金屬 · 外有輕刑之名:文帝十三年那道除肉刑的詔書
參考來源與延伸閱讀
- 《尚书·吕刑》(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The code in full. Opening: 'the king had held the realm a hundred years, was old, and broadly made the penal code to bring order to the four quarters' (惟呂命:王享國百年,耄,荒度作刑,以詰四方). The origin story: the Miao 'made the five cruel punishments, calling them law' (惟作五虐之刑曰法,殺戮無辜); then Bo Yi, Yu and Hou Ji, and 'the officers made the people live within the middle of punishment' (士制百姓于刑之中). The five punishments are listed by their redemption prices: 'for branding, where doubtful, remission, and the fine is a hundred huan, and the crime is verified; for the nose, double; for the feet, double-and-differenced; for castration, six hundred huan; for death, a thousand huan' (墨辟疑赦,其罰百鍰……大辟疑赦,其罰千鍰), each with 'the crime is verified' (閱實其罪). The item counts: 'branding a thousand, the nose a thousand, the feet five hundred, castration three hundred, death two hundred; the five punishments three thousand items' (五刑之屬三千). The procedure: 'when both parties are present, the officers hear the five speeches … settled by the five punishments … the five fines … the five faults; the defects of the five faults are the office, the reversal, the inner, the goods, the solicitation' (兩造具備……五過之疵,惟官、惟反、惟內、惟貨、惟來), with 'where the five punishments are doubtful there is remission … let the case be carefully examined' (五刑之疑有赦……其審克之), 'be clear about one-sided speeches' (明清于單辭), 'goods from a case are no treasure' (獄貨非寶), 'not the eloquent but the good decide cases' (非佞折獄,惟良折獄), and 'punishments are light in one age and heavy in another' (刑罰世輕世重). The page carries textual variants in its own notes: the castration price is given as six hundred huan, with a variant reading five hundred.
- 《史记》卷四·周本纪(西汉司马迁;维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The Western Han retrospective that gives the parallel text and the variants. 'When the nobles were not at peace, the Marquis of Fu spoke to the king and made the revised penal code' (諸侯有不睦者,甫侯言於王,作《修刑辟》). The prices: 'for branding, where doubtful, a hundred shuai; for the nose, double; for the feet, double-and-differenced; for castration, five hundred shuai; for death, a thousand shuai — the crime verified in each case' (黥辟疑赦,其罰百率……宮辟疑赦,其罰五百率……大辟疑赦,其罰千率), and the counts 'branding a thousand, the nose a thousand, the feet five hundred, castration three hundred, death two hundred: three thousand items'. It closes 'it was named the Fu Xing' (命曰甫刑). Differences to keep: qing for mo, bin for fei, five hundred shuai for castration against the Lü Xing's six hundred huan (with a five-hundred variant on that page), and 'the five speeches are simply trusted' (五辭簡信) for the Lü Xing's 'credible' (簡孚). The page's note quotes Xu Guang that 'shuai is huan' (率即鍰也). The passage is placed under King Mu; it gives no year for the code and no case.




