這條建議從恢復舊法開始:「異時算軺車賈人緡錢皆有差,請算如故。」公卿先講理由:郡國頗被災害,貧民無產業,商賈滋眾,貧者畜積無有,皆仰縣官。接著是一張單子:誰報、報什麼、報多少、少報了怎麼辦。這些話是臣下的發言,原文前面寫著「於是公卿言」;後文才稱它為「緡錢令」。建議與詔令,本篇分開寫。

誰要自報,幾算

第一個意外是覆蓋面。「諸賈人末作貰貸賣買,居邑稽諸物,及商以取利者,雖無市籍,各以其物自占。」商人、末作、放貸的、買賣的、在城邑囤貨的、靠做買賣取利的——「雖無市籍」四個字,把範圍從登記在冊的商人擴到一切以商取利的人。動詞是「自占」:官府不來盤店,是叫貨主自己把貨寫下來。

稅率兩檔:商人「率緡錢二千而一算」,有租及鑄作者「率緡錢四千一算」。車與船另算,車按身分、船按長度:「非吏比者三老、北邊騎士,軺車以一算;商賈人軺車二算;船五丈以上一算。」三老與北邊騎士的軺車一算,商人的軺車二算,五丈以上的船一算。

一算值多少錢,兩頁不說。沒有注、沒有換算,整張單子都用它自己那個單位寫成。一般認為一算指一百二十錢,但這是舊注的說法,兩頁沒有;本篇不拿它折算稅率。所以這裡能寫的只有原話:二千一算、四千一算、一車一算、一船一算——不能換成百分比。

匿報與告發

罰則兩句:「匿不自占,占不悉,戍邊一歲,沒入緡錢。」接著是改變整件事性質的一句:「有能告者,以其半畀之。」沒收的財物一半給告發者。一條財產申報,寫到這裡變成了一份對鄰人的賞格。同一段還掛著一條禁令:有市籍的商人及其家屬「皆無得籍名田,以便農。敢犯令,沒入田僮」——商人不得以自己名義占田,犯了就沒田沒僮。

從條文到運動

令下之後,先立了個樣子。天子尊卜式——那個上書願輸家財一半助邊的牧羊人——拜為中郎,賜田,「布告天下,使明知之」。沒用。「百姓終莫分財佐縣官」。於是「告緡錢縱矣」。先「分遣御史廷尉正監分曹往,即治郡國緡錢」。執行的現場只有三句:「楊可告緡遍天下」,「中家以上大抵皆遇告」,「杜周治之,獄少反者」。一個主持的人、一個審案的人、一句涉案面,就這麼多。

然後是清單,也是全篇唯一的數字,而它們全是概數:「得民財物以億計,奴婢以千萬數,田大縣數百頃,小縣百餘頃,宅亦如之。」社會後果一句:「於是商賈中家以上大率破,民偷甘食好衣,不事畜藏之產業。」這些不是統計,是原文自己的量詞;本篇不合計、不推算。

錢、田、人各有去處

這是全篇最落地的一段。錢分給各官署:「乃分緡錢諸官,而水衡、少府、大農、太僕各置農官,往往即郡縣比沒入田田之。」人沒有放:「其沒入奴婢,分諸苑養狗馬禽獸,及與諸官。」沒收來的田就地設農官去種,沒收來的人分到苑囿與各官署——到這一步,緡錢令才從一紙文書變成一套編制。編制是要花錢的:「諸官益雜置多,徒奴婢眾,而下河漕度四百萬石,及官自糴乃足。」

兩種傳本不是同一份讀法,差異照錄。先是字:①作「緡錢」,②多處作「嬢錢」(如「率嬢錢二千而算一」「告嬢遍天下」),按其當作緡錢理解,引文照錄原字並注。再是詞:①「大抵皆遇告」,②「大氐皆遇告」——氐即抵。再是結論句:①「用益饒矣」,②「用少饒矣」,益與少一字之差,句意方向不同,兩說並列,不裁斷。同一段還有一個差異:①「沒入田僮」,②「沒入田貨」。

兩頁不給的年份

兩頁都不給年份:算緡起於何時、告緡止於何時,原文沒有,本篇不補。後文倒有兩處可以免:招民去新秦中,條件裡寫「以除告緡」;入粟甘泉的人,「以復終身,不告緡」(②作「不復告嬢」)。能免,說明它是一時的政策,不是常設稅目——所以本篇不寫「從此確立財產稅」。規則可以一句一句抄下來,結果只能用「計」和「數」來稱。

延伸閱讀:九品中正:一句話立的制度,一篇疏罵它 · 孝廉:一個郡國推一個人 · 河東鹽池:北魏的鹽、官司與罷禁

參考來源與延伸閱讀

  1. 司马迁《史记》卷三十〈平准书〉(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The levy is introduced as a speech of the senior officials — 'then the ministers said' (於是公卿言) — restoring an old rule: 'in former times the carts and the cash of merchants were counted at fixed rates; let them be counted as before' (異時算軺車賈人緡錢皆有差,請算如故). The schedule: merchants, small manufacturers, lenders and traders, 'even without a market register, shall themselves declare their goods' (雖無市籍,各以其物自占), 'one count per two thousand cash' for merchants and 'one count per four thousand' for artisans; carts and boats by status and length; concealment means 'one year on the frontier and confiscation of the cash' (戍邊一歲,沒入緡錢); 'anyone able to inform shall be given half' (有能告者,以其半畀之). Then execution: after Bu Shi was honoured and the people still did not contribute, 'denunciations of the cash tax were let loose' (於是告緡錢縱矣); 'Yang Ke's denunciations ran through the empire, households of middling means and above were mostly accused' (楊可告緡遍天下,中家以上大抵皆遇告); 'Du Zhou judged them and few were reversed' (獄少反者); goods were taken 'counted by the hundred million, slaves by the thousand and ten thousand, fields several hundred qing in a large county and a hundred-odd in a small one' — all approximations. The takings went to the offices, which 'each set up agricultural officials and often farmed the confiscated fields on the spot' (各置農官,往往即郡縣比沒入田田之), and the confiscated slaves 'were distributed to the parks to feed dogs, horses and birds and beasts' (分諸苑養狗馬禽獸).
  2. 班固《汉书》卷二十四〈食货志〉(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The same passage in the Hanshu, with variants that are quoted as they stand. The page writes 嬢 for 缗 in several places — 'rate two thousand of 嬢 cash to one count' (率嬢錢二千而算一), 'denunciations of 嬢 ran through the empire' (告嬢遍天下) — a transcription error for 缗錢, noted but not silently corrected. It has 大氐 for the Shiji's 大抵 in 'households of middling means and above were mostly accused'; 沒入田貨 where the Shiji has 沒入田僮; and it closes the passage '用少饒矣' where the Shiji has '用益饒矣' — one character apart, and the sense runs differently, so both readings are given side by side without adjudication.