屯田：趙充國在湟中的一筆帳

參考來源與延伸閱讀

1. 《汉书》卷六十九·赵充国辛庆忌传（东汉班固；维基文库本，未与点校本复核） — The farm memorial in full, which is the spine of the article. The monthly bill: 'the officers, men, horses and cattle under my command use each month 199,630 hu of grain, 1,693 hu of salt, and 250,286 shi of fodder' (臣所將吏士馬牛食，月用糧穀十九萬九千六百三十斛，鹽千六百九十三斛，茭藁二十五萬二百八十六石), followed by 'if the affair is long unresolved, the corvée will not stop' (難久不解，繇役不息); the same chapter says the levies came to 'sixty thousand men in all' (合六萬人矣). The imperial letter pressing an attack, which states the prices and the burden: 'east of Zhangye grain is more than a hundred cash a shi and a bundle of fodder several tens; transport has been raised on every side and the common people are harassed' (今張掖以東粟石百餘，芻槁束數十。轉輸並起，百姓煩擾). The land: 'reckoning from Linqiang east to Haomen … two thousand qing or more; and the post stations are mostly ruined' (計度臨羌東至浩亹……可二千頃以上，其間郵亭多壞敗者). Timber: 'more than sixty thousand pieces, all stacked by the water' (伐材木大小六萬餘枚，皆在水次). The force kept: '10,281 in all, using 27,363 hu of grain a month and 308 hu of salt' (合凡萬二百八十一人，用穀月二萬七千三百六十三斛，鹽三百八斛), with 'the grain already brought by the Grand Minister of Agriculture enough to support ten thousand men for a year' (足支萬人一歲食). The works: 'when the ice breaks, float the timber down; repair the post stations, clear the ditches, and put in order the roads and bridges west of the Huang gorge, seventy of them' (冰解漕下，繕鄉亭，浚溝渠，治湟陿以西道橋七十所), and horsemen 'with spare mounts at two in ten, to graze and serve as patrols for the farmers' (倅馬什二，就草，為田者遊兵). The twelve benefits: the first (因田致穀，威德並行), the fourth (軍馬一月之食，度支田士一歲，罷騎兵以省大費), and the timber-and-post-station item (以閒暇時下所伐材，繕治郵亭，充入金城); then 'garrison farming has the profit of no expense within and the preparation of defence without' (屯田內有亡費之利，外有守禦之備) and 'transport is long and troublesome and expensive, draining what we keep for the unforeseen to water one corner' (今久轉運煩費，傾我不虞之用以澹一隅). Xin Wuxian's alternative and its load: 'one horse carrying its own thirty days' food — two hu four dou of rice, eight hu of wheat' (以一馬自佗負三十日食，為米二斛四斗，麥八斛), over a road 'a thousand li roundabout' (回遠千里); Zhao's retrospect on local prices, 'grain at Jincheng and Huangzhong eight cash a hu' (金城、湟中穀斛八錢), against which he had urged two million hu and seen four hundred thousand bought. The shift in opinion: 'at first three in ten agreed, midway five, at the end eight' (初是充國計者什三，中什五，最後什八), Wei Xiang's endorsement, the emperor's 'now I follow the general', and then 'he followed both plans' (兩從其計). The next year's report: five myriads of Qiang, 7,600 beheaded, 31,200 surrendered, five or six thousand drowned or starved, 'no more than four thousand' escaped (定計遺脫……不過四千人), and the request to disband the farm (請罷屯兵).
2. 《通典》卷二·食货二·屯田（唐杜佑；维基文库本，未与点校本复核） — The Tang compilation's garrison-farm section, which carries the same memorial abridged with notes. It supplies the note on units — 'a shi is 120 jin' — and, crucially, the gloss on the allotment sentence: 'the field work begins means that in spring the men go out to work the fields; fu means to distribute to them' (田事出，謂至春人出營田也。賦謂班與之), which is why twenty mu must be read as an allotment and not as area actually ploughed or as a yield. Its Han section also has an earlier entry, Emperor Zhao's first yuan year (85 BC), when 'shooting soldiers were sent to Shuofang and former officials were appointed to lead garrison farming in Zhangye commandery' (發習戰射士詣朔方，調故吏將屯田張掖郡), a reminder that Zhao's plan was not the first of its kind; but the page then runs on by dynasty through Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang, and that arrangement is the compiler's, not evidence that the institution ran unbroken from Han to Wei. The Wei entries on this page (Xu Xia's fields at Xuchang, Deng Ai on the Huai) are excluded here and belong to the site's Wei article.