孟春是从一句天象开始的:「孟春之月,日在营室,昏参中,旦尾中。」太阳在营室,黄昏参星在正南,黎明尾星在正南。这一句不是讲天文,是讲历法:郑玄注说得很直接,「凡记昏明中星者,为人君南面而听天下,视时候以授民事」——记昏旦中星,是为了让面南听政的君主看节气、给百姓派活。
天子这个月坐哪,穿什么
接着是这一月的待遇与动作:天子「居青阳左个,乘鸾路,驾仓龙,载青旂,衣青衣,服仓玉,食麦与羊,其器疏以达」。住东堂北偏的一间,坐有鸾铃的车,驾青色高马,插青旗,穿青衣,佩仓玉,吃麦与羊,器物刻镂得疏朗通透。立春前三天,大史来报告「某日立春,盛德在木」,天子于是斋戒;立春那天,亲帅三公、九卿、诸侯、大夫到东郊迎春,回来在朝上赏赐公卿诸侯大夫。
然后是把活派下去。命三公「布德和令,行庆施惠,下及兆民」,庆赏要「毋有不当」;命大史「守典奉法,司天日月星辰之行,宿离不贷,毋失经纪,以初为常」。再往下是农事:元日祈谷于上帝,择元辰,天子亲载耒耜,措在车右与御者之间,率三公九卿诸侯大夫躬耕帝籍,天子三推,三公五推,卿诸侯九推;回来在大寝执爵,命曰「劳酒」。郑注解释:帝籍是「为天神借民力所治之田」,把耒耜放在车右与御者之间,是「明己劝农,非农者也」——天子只是劝农,不是农夫。
最后一段是农事与禁令。「天气下降,地气上腾,天地和同,草木萌动」,注说这是「阳气蒸达可耕之候」;于是王命布农事,田畯住到东郊,修封疆,审端径术,察看丘陵阪险原隰,教民该种什么。随后是一串「毋」:「禁止伐木」;「毋覆巢,毋杀孩虫胎夭飞鸟,毋麛,毋卵」;「毋聚大众,毋置城郭」;「掩骼埋胔」;「是月也不可以称兵,称兵必天殃」。注把这些都解成一句话:伐木是「盛德所在」,覆巢是「为伤萌幼之类」,聚众是「为妨农之始」,掩骼是「死气逆生」,称兵是「逆生气」。
注:把每个词钉住
郑注在这一页上做的是「钉词」的活。「孟」是长;「青阳左个」是「大寝东堂北偏」;「元辰」是「郊后吉辰」;「田」是田畯,「主农之官」;「术」读作「遂」,是田间小沟;「其器疏以达」是「刻镂之,象物当贯土而出也」。他引书也密:《夏小正》「正月启蛰,鱼陟负冰」,农书「土长冒橛,陈根可拔,耕者急发」,《春秋传》「夫郊祀后稷以祈农事」。
他还记异文,也记自己的判断。「今月令鸿皆为候」——这一句里的「鸿鴈来」,另一个本子写作「候鴈来」;孔疏指出那是《吕氏春秋》本。至于这套随月换色的车马衣服,郑玄自己说得很清楚:「凡此车马衣服皆所取于殷时而有变焉,非周制也」,并举《周礼》相对照——朝、祀、戎、猎的车服各随其事,不随四时。礼书规定的这一套,注家自己承认不是周制。
音义:字怎么念
第三层是陆德明的《音义》,小字夹在注后,管的是读音与字形:「参所林反,中如字,徐竹仲反」「大皥上音太,后文及注大簇、大史、大寝、大室、大微、大庙、大祝、大尉、大宰皆同」「个古贺反」「鸾力官反,路本又作辂」「齐侧皆反,本亦作斋」。这一层不问礼制,也不问意义,只保证这段文字能被正确地念出来、抄下去。
疏:替注打官司
疏是孔颖达等人的活,专替郑注解释、也替郑注辩护。先说月份:「此言孟春者,夏正建寅之月也。吕不韦在于秦世,秦以十月为岁首,不用秦正而用夏时者,以夏数得天正故用之也。」再说星:疏引三统历、元嘉历,一一算过,发现对不上,于是承认「月令昏明中星皆大略而言,不与历正同」。它还把经文里看似一天的「元日」「元辰」拆成两天:「甲乙丙丁等谓之日」,郊祭用辛日;「子丑寅卯之等谓之为辰」,「耕用亥日,故云元辰」。祭天一天,耕地另一天。
迎春一段,疏把分歧摆出来:郑玄说迎的是「苍帝灵威仰」,疏说「贾、马、蔡邕皆为迎春祭大皥及句芒」,并点明郑的依据是纬书。斋戒日数也有出入:「周法四时迎气皆前期十日而齐……今秦法简省,故三日也。」耕田的三推,疏引《国语》「王耕一墢,班三之」来对,两套数字并存,不合并。禁令它也补例外:「禁止伐木」禁的只是「禁障之处」,国家需用材时、非禁地,仍可取;妖鸟的巢仍可覆;麛卵四时皆禁,但荐献需用时可取。
另一本书的同一个孟春
《淮南子·时则训》写同一个孟春:「孟春之月,招摇指寅,昏参中,旦尾中。」接着是同样的东方、甲乙、盛德在木、其虫鳞、其音角、律中太蔟、其数八、酸与羶、祀户、祭先脾;同样的物候:东风解冻,蛰虫始振苏,鱼上负冰,獭祭鱼,候雁北;同样的禁令:禁伐木,毋覆巢、杀胎夭,毋麛,毋卵,毋聚众、置城郭,掩骼薶骴。不同处也很清楚:月令作「鸿鴈来」,时则训作「候鴈北」;月令「青阳左个」,时则训作「青阳左丢」,这个字疑是「左个」之讹,照录不改;月令说「迎春」,时则训说「迎岁」,还把「诸侯」省掉了,另加「币祷鬼神,牺牲用牡」。一般认为两书同源,页面本身并不写谁抄谁,所以不能拿它们互证。四时的架子两书都搭着:《时则训》立夏迎岁于南郊,立秋迎秋于西郊,立冬迎岁于北郊,与孟春的东郊正好一季一郊。 这一页给的是一张派活的表:天子住哪、穿什么、吃什么,官做什么,什么不许做,再加上注、音义、疏三层解释与另一本书的平行一段。它不是一篇讲道理的概论,只是一份写得很细的日程。
延伸阅读:三千门客吃什么:孟尝君的饭桌与等级 · 书同文字:一句诏令,和三百多年后的解释 · 酱与豉:一百二十瓮与三斗豆
参考来源与延伸阅读
- 《礼记·月令》(孟春之月;维基文库篇名页) — The ritual text itself: in the first month the sun is in Yingshi, at dusk Shen culminates and at dawn Wei; the east wind thaws the ice, insects stir, fish rise to the ice, otters make their offering, wild geese come; the son of heaven dwells in the Qingyang left chamber, rides the phoenix carriage, raises the blue-green banner, wears blue-green and the granary jade, eats wheat and mutton; three days before spring the grand scribe announces the day; on the day the king leads the dukes, ministers, lords and officers to welcome spring at the eastern suburb and rewards them at court; the chancellor spreads virtue, the grand scribe keeps the calendar, the king prays for grain and ploughs the divine acres three times while the dukes push five and the lords nine; the month forbids cutting timber, overturning nests, killing the young or taking eggs, gathering crowds or raising walls, and orders bones and carcasses buried. A programme for the month, not a diary of one.
- 《淮南子·时则训》(孟春之月;维基文库篇名页) — The parallel month: 'In Meng Chun the Dipper points to yin; at dusk Shen, at dawn Wei' (孟春之月,招搖指寅,昏參中,旦尾中), then the same east, jia-yi days, wood, scaly creatures, the jue note, the great-tsou pipe, the number eight, sour and rank, the door sacrifice and the spleen; the same signs, with small variants — 'fish rise bearing the ice' (魚上負冰), 'the hou geese go north' (候鴈北); 'holds court in the Qingyang left diu' (朝于青陽左丢, probably a scribal error for 左个); 'welcomes the year at the eastern suburb' (迎歲于東郊), with coins and prayers and male victims; and the same prohibitions — no timber, no nests, no unborn or young, no fawns, no eggs, no levies, no walls, bones covered. Used only as a parallel version; the page itself does not claim a common source.
- 《礼记注疏》卷十四·月令(汉郑玄注、唐陆德明音义、唐孔颖达疏;四库全书本,维基文库本,未与中华书局点校本复核) — Juan 14 is Meng Chun to 'Meng Chun in winter orders'; juan 15 begins at mid-spring, so the mid-spring bans (no draining marshes, no burning hills) are not in this juan. The page runs four layers continuously without section marks: the classic, Zheng Xuan's comment (注), Lu Deming's sound-and-meaning (音義) and Kong Yingda's sub-commentary (疏); the 考證 at the end is a Qing collation note (Siku editors), not Han-Tang commentary, and is not used here. Zheng: the Qingyang left chamber is 'the northern side of the eastern hall of the great chamber'; the seasonal carriages and colours are 'taken from the Yin and altered — not the Zhou system' (非周制也); the field is 'land worked by the people's strength, lent to the god of heaven'; the plough is placed between guard and driver 'to show that he encourages farming, not that he is a farmer'; the bans are explained as sparing pregnant animals and budding life. Kong: the month is the Xia calendar's first month though Qin began the year in the tenth month; the culminating stars are approximate; the day of the sacrifice and the day of ploughing are two days (郊用辛日,耕用亥日,故云元辰); on welcoming spring he records that Jia Kui, Ma Rong and Cai Yong all took it as sacrificing to Taihao and Goumang while Zheng used the Blue Emperor Lingweiyang; the timber ban covers only reserved ground and allows state needs; nests of ominous birds may be overturned; fawns and eggs may be taken for offerings.




