先从一张靶说起。《仪礼·乡射礼》开场不久就把靶立起来:「乃张侯,下纲不及地武。不系左下纲,中掩束之。」下绳离地不到一武,左下角的绳先不系,中间折起来捆着。靶旁还有一座掩体,「乏参侯道,居侯党之一,西五步」。这一页从靶写动作,《礼记·射义》写这些动作为什么这样排;两页不是一回事,本篇分两层写。

开场:一张靶与三个耦

靶归司马管。行礼到中途,「司正为司马,司马命张侯,弟子说束,遂系左下纲」——司正改作司马,命人张靶,弟子解开捆绳、系上左下纲。司马又命获者:「倚旌于侯中。」获者从西边走过去,把旌旗倚在靶心。一串都是动作,没有一句讲道理。尺寸也只给形容:下纲「不及地武」,掩体在靶西「五步」——都是相对说法,没有实测数。

人是三对。开写之前,「三耦俟于堂西,南面东上」。耦是一对:一为上射,一为下射。司射在堂西配好三对,站在三耦之南面北下口令:「命上射曰:某御于子;命下射曰:子与某子射。」对上射说「某人为你驾车」,对下射说「你和某人一起射」——一句话把两人绑成一对。附记补了来历:「三耦者,使弟子。」

司射的令

司射的行头写得细:「司射适堂西,袒决遂,取弓于阶西,兼挟乘矢,升自西阶。」袒、决、遂是装束,兼挟乘矢是把四支箭夹在臂下。上堂后:「阶上北面告于宾,曰:『弓矢既具,有司请射。』」宾谦让一句,司射再向主人请示。接着命三耦:「各与其耦让取弓矢,拾!」——互相让着取,拾是轮流。司射先射一轮示范,叫「诱射」,「将乘矢」,四支箭都射完。

一场射的口令有次序,每句都短。「司马命获者执旌以负侯」;射手入场后,司马「南扬弓,命去侯」,获者应声走开,声音不断,走到掩体「坐,东面偃旌」。司射再上前,与司马交于阶前,「北面视上射,命曰:『无射获,无猎获!』」——不许射举旌的人,也不许追着他射。计筹时命「不贯不释!」——不穿透靶不计数;用乐时改命「不鼓不释!」——不按鼓节也不计数。

数筹与胜败

胜负靠筹,不靠眼估。司射请「释获」后,释获者执鹿中,一人执算跟着,「坐实八算于中」;射时「若中,则释获者坐而释获,每一个释一算。上射于右,下射于左」。数筹有规矩:「二算为纯,一纯以取……一算为奇」,十纯一委。报结果只有三句:「若右胜,则曰:右贤于左。若左胜,则曰:左贤于右。若左右钧,则左右皆执一算以告,曰:左右钧。」

输的人喝酒。弟子先设「丰」——西楹西边的承爵架;胜方弟子洗觯、升堂酌酒,放在丰上。司射下令:「胜者皆袒决遂,执张弓。不胜者皆袭,说决拾,却左手,右加弛弓于其上,遂以执弣。」胜者执上弦的弓,不胜者执松弦的弓。升堂「胜者先升」;不胜者「北面坐取丰上之觯;兴,少退,立卒觯」,喝完把空觯放在丰下。一耦一觯,「三耦卒饮」。宾、主人、大夫不胜则不必执弓,由执爵者取觯洗、酌、送到席前,站着喝完。酒数只到「觯」为止,不给容量。

射义:另一页的解释

《礼记·射义》先把这场射放回原处:「古者诸侯之射也,必先行燕礼;卿、大夫、士之射也,必先行乡饮酒之礼。」乡射之前先有乡饮酒——这就是两篇的分界:同一套乡礼的两段,乡饮酒写饮酒,本篇写射,射义自己把这层关系说出来了。义理也起在这里:「故射者,进退周还必中礼。内志正,外体直,然后持弓矢审固;持弓矢审固,然后可以言中。此可以观德行矣。」——先中礼,再中靶。

射义还给每等人配乐节:「其节:天子以驺虞为节,诸侯以貍首为节,卿大夫以采蘋为节,士以采蘩为节。」并逐条解释:「騶虞者,乐官备也;貍首者,乐会时也;采蘋者,乐循法也;采蘩者,乐不失职也。」仪礼那句「不鼓不释」,到这一页成了有内容的规矩。罚酒也有解释,而且与动作相反:「诗云:『发彼有的,以祈尔爵。』祈,求也,求中以辞爵也。酒者,所以养老也,所以养病也。求中以辞爵者,辞养也。」——酒是养老养病的,求中是为了辞掉这杯「养」。同一只觯,仪礼写怎么喝,射义写人为什么不愿喝。

两层与两页的缺口

两层要分开,不是因为谁高谁低,而是材料不同:《仪礼》这一页是动作、位置、口令与器物名,讲一件事怎么办;《射义》是判准与理由,讲这件事为什么值得办。混在一起写就成了「射礼文化」;分开写,才看得见一层是令、一层是义。两页都不给:靶的实际距离(只有「西五步」这类相对说法)、射场丈尺、箭数之外的尺寸实测、觯的容量、三耦之外众宾的人数——明写没有,本篇不补。

延伸阅读:五十杖于家:一部礼书与一道诏书里的养老 · 三年之丧:一条礼,几种算法 · 东向坐:鸿门宴上的四个座位

参考来源与延伸阅读

  1. 《仪礼·乡射礼》(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The ritual itself, act by act. The target goes up first: 'they spread the target, its lower cord not reaching the ground; the lower left cord is left untied, and the middle is folded and bound' (乃張侯,下綱不及地武。不繫左下綱,中掩束之), with the shelter 'five paces west' of it. The master of archery (司射) takes his bow and four arrows, reports the equipment ready and asks the guest's leave; the master of ceremonies (司正) becomes the master of the horse (司馬), who orders the target spread and the banner leaned in its middle. The three pairs (三耦) are matched west of the hall and named one by one: 'so-and-so drives your carriage' to the upper archer, 'you shoot with so-and-so' to the lower. Orders are quoted verbatim — 'do not shoot the flag-bearer, do not hunt the flag-bearer' (無射獲,無獵獲), 'not piercing, not counted' (不貫不釋), 'not drummed, not counted' (不鼓不釋). Counting uses counters set in a deer-shaped vessel, eight at a time; the result is announced as 'the right is better than the left', 'the left is better than the right', or 'left and right are equal' (左右鈞). The losers drink: a cup is set on the stand (豐), winners take up strung bows and losers unstrung ones, the winners ascend first, and the loser takes the cup and drains it standing (立卒觶).
  2. 《礼记·射义》(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The other layer: why the shoot is arranged so. It opens by placing the shoot after another rite — 'the archery of the ministers, grandees and officers was always preceded by the village drinking rite' (卿、大夫、士之射也,必先行鄉飲酒之禮). It states the standard in the body: 'in advancing and retiring, turning and circling, one must hit the rites; the inner aim correct, the outer body straight, and only then may one hold bow and arrow steadily; only then may one speak of hitting — by this one may observe character' (內志正,外體直,然後持弓矢審固). It gives each rank its musical measure — Zouyu for the Son of Heaven, Lishou for the nobles, Caiping for ministers and grandees, Caifan for officers — with its reasons, and explains the cup: 'the poem says, I shoot at that mark, to beg off your cup; begging is seeking; to seek to hit is to decline the cup; wine is for supporting the aged and the sick, so to decline the cup is to decline being supported' (求中以辭爵也……辭養也).