西晋这套数字,两页都从同一句开头:「平吳之後」。《晋书》接下来是「又制戶調之式」——丁男之户岁输绢三匹、绵三斤;然后才是「男子一人占田七十畝,女子三十畝」。再往下另起一组:「其外丁男課田五十畝,丁女二十畝,次丁男半之,女則不課」。占田七十、课田五十,中间那二十亩是全篇最要紧的一处空白:如果占田就是国家分给每人七十亩,那么另一组「课田」又是什么?两页把两组数字分开写,本身就在提示这是两件事。
男子一人占田七十亩
先把两组数并排放。占田:男七十亩、女三十亩。课田:丁男五十亩、丁女二十亩,次丁男减半,女子不课。丁与次丁的界限也给了:「男女年十六已上至六十為正丁,十五已下至十三、六十一已上至六十五為次丁,十二已下六十六已上為老小,不事。」——《晋书》这一句前有「其外」两字,把课田放在占田之外;《通典》抄这一段时没有「外」字。两书文字基本一致,差别就在这种小字上。
这两组数字怎么读?两组分开写,加上后文唐人的注,一般认为:占田是允许占有的上限,课田是课税的基数。若把它们合成「种七十亩、其中五十亩纳税」,那是一种解释,不是文本原话。两页也都没有说这套数执行得怎样、各地是否一样;文本只给条文。
官品第一至于第九
官的数目更大:「其官品第一至於第九,各以貴賤占田。」第一品五十顷,第二品四十五顷,一路减到第九品十顷;《通典》把这张表压成一句:「其官第一品五十頃,每品減五頃以為差,第九品十頃。」一顷是百亩,这是通行换算,两页都没有注。表后面还挂人:「各以品之高卑廕其親屬,多者及九族,少者三世」;宗室、国宾、先贤之后、士人子孙也照此办。
再往下是荫客的细数:第六品以上「得衣食客三人」,第七、第八品二人,第九品一人;佃客则「官品第一第二者佃客無過五十戶,第三品十戶,第四品七戶,第五品五戶,第六品三戶,第七品二戶,第八品第九品一戶」——「无过」两个字又是上限语式。《通典》把这一串省成「量其官品以為差降」,杜佑在注里说:「自西晉則有蔭客之制,至東晉其數更加,具《賦稅上篇》。」这是唐人对沿革的判断,照录其说。
「占」这个字
判断「占田」是限额,最硬的一条证据是唐人的注。董仲舒「限民名田」一句下,杜佑注:「名田,占田也。各為立限,不使富者過制,則貧弱之家可足也。」——唐人拿「占田」解释「名田」,解释词是「立限」,不是「授与」。
同一个词在别处也这样用。荀悦论汉事,说「豪富强人占田逾多,其賦太半」;又说「至哀帝時,乃限人占田不得過三十頃,雖有其制,卒難施行」——「逾多」是超过,「不得过」是上限,语式与「授田」正相反。西晋这一段,两页用的都是「占田」,没有出现「授田」:授是自上而下给,占是允许占到这里为止,制度文本自己选了后者。同一篇里另一条限额也这么写:平吴之后有司奏,「今可限之,國王公侯,京城得有一宅之處。近郊田,大國田十五頃,次國十頃,小國七頃」。
丁男之户,岁输绢三匹
户调是同一段里带出来的:「又制戶調之式:丁男之戶,歲輸絹三匹,綿三斤,女及次丁男為戶者半輸。」边郡减免:「其諸邊郡或三分之二,遠者三分之一。夷人輸賨布,戶一匹,遠者或一丈」;不课田的远夷则「輸義米,戶三斛,遠者五斗,極遠者輸算錢,人二十八文」。这一串是赋税,本篇只作背景,不展开。
两页之间还有一层差别:《晋书》这段是白文,没有注,把户调、占田、课田、丁中、官品、荫亲属、衣食客、佃客一路连写;《通典》是唐人编述,把官品表压成一句、荫客省成一句,却多出两条注——「名田,占田也」与「自西晋则有荫客之制」。所以引《通典》这一层,要标「唐人编述、转引」。
两页之间
两页都没有年份:最具体的时间信息就是「平吴之后」,没有「太康元年」四个字,这里也不替它补。两页也没有执行情况、地区差异、亩产、占田与户籍的对应。与先秦井田不同制,与北魏均田(另一朝)也不同制,这两条线本篇不并;「均田制从西晋开始」这类线性说法,学界有争论,这两页也支持不了,不写。数字照录亩与顷,不折今亩、不估产量;本文只写条文。
参考来源与延伸阅读
- 《晋书》卷二十六·食货志(唐房玄龄等;维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The Western Jin passage in full, plain text with no commentary. It opens 'after the conquest of Wu' (及平吳之後) and joins several rules in one run: the household levy ('a household with a full adult male pays each year three bolts of silk and three jin of floss-silk', 丁男之戶,歲輸絹三匹,綿三斤); occupation ('a man occupies seventy mu, a woman thirty', 男子一人占田七十畝,女子三十畝); assessment ('besides that, an adult male is assessed on fifty mu, an adult female on twenty, a younger adult male at half, and women are not assessed', 其外丁男課田五十畝……); the age tiers (正丁、次丁、老小); the official table ('from the first rank to the ninth each occupy according to noble and base', 各以貴賤占田, first rank fifty qing down to the ninth at ten); sheltered kin (多者及九族,少者三世); food-and-clothing guests (第六品已上得衣食客三人……); and tenant households ('first and second rank no more than fifty households', 佃客無過五十戶, descending to one). The same passage also has an earlier limit: princes and nobles in the capital may keep one residence, with suburban land of fifteen, ten and seven qing by the size of the state, 'all permitted to keep it' (皆聽留之). The word for the Jin land rule is 'occupy' (占); 'grant' (授) does not occur in this passage.
- 《通典》卷一·食货一·田制上(唐杜佑;维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The Tang compendium's version, shorter in places and with the notes that decide the reading. The Western Jin figures: 'after the conquest of Wu … a man occupies seventy mu, a woman thirty; an adult male is assessed on fifty mu, an adult female on twenty' (平吳之後……男子一人占田七十畝,女子三十畝); the official table compressed to 'the first rank fifty qing, each rank reduced by five qing as the difference, the ninth ten qing' (每品減五頃以為差); the retainers compressed to 'measured by rank as a descending scale', with Du You's note 'from the Western Jin there was the system of sheltered retainers; by the Eastern Jin the numbers increased' (自西晉則有蔭客之制……). The decisive note stands under Dong Zhongshu's 'limit the people's name-land': 'name-land is occupied land: each is given a limit, so that the rich may not exceed the rule, and the households of the poor and weak may have enough' (名田,占田也。各為立限,不使富者過制,則貧弱之家可足也). In the same chapter Xun Yue says 'the powerful and rich occupy land beyond the limit' (占田逾多) and 'when it came to Emperor Ai, occupation was limited so that it might not exceed thirty qing' (限人占田不得過三十頃). The chapter gives no year for the Western Jin rules; 'after the conquest of Wu' is as far as it goes.




