《禹贡》荆州那一条的贡物清单,最后一项是一只龟。前面是羽毛、齿革、三种金属、几种木材、砺砥砮丹、几种竹木,然后一句:「九江纳(入)锡(赐)大龟。」一份战国成书的贡物清单,一条来自九州清单的末项,末项是一副龟甲。另一页《史记·龟策列传》讲这种甲怎么用、怎么存,还说用完了就丢掉。两页都是后世文本,都不是商代的实录。

一条贡物:九江的大龟

这一章按九州一路写,先山川后贡物。荆州这条照录:「厥贡羽、毛、齿、革,惟金三品,杶、榦、栝、柏,砺、砥、砮、丹,惟箘、簵、楛,三邦厎贡厥名。包匦菁茅;厥篚玄、纁、玑组;九江纳(入)锡(赐)大龟。」这是清单,只回答「什么地方出什么、送什么上来」,不写占卜怎么做,也不写龟甲要多长多大。三邦「厎贡厥名」,连竹木都按名目分等。同卷扬州条里的「厥篚织贝」,也是同一类条目。

那句里有一处必须说明:本页作「纳(入)锡(赐)」,括号里的字是录文所加的异读,意思是一作「入」、一作「赐」——「纳锡」与「入赐」两种读法并存。本篇照录并注明,不替它裁断哪一种是原文。贡物清单的用字尚且如此,把它当作商代制度的直接记录就更要谨慎。

另一页:怎么取、怎么藏

《龟策列传》开篇是总纲:「王者决定诸疑,参以卜筮,断以蓍龟,不易之道也。」——王者有疑难,用卜、用筮,最后以蓍草与龟甲来断。这是汉人笔下的制度表述,不是商代文书。开篇自己还承认一个上限:「唐虞以上,不可记已」;又说三代各有祯祥:「自三代之兴,各据祯祥」。

全篇最要紧的是这一句:「略闻夏殷欲卜者,乃取蓍龟,已则弃去之,以为龟藏则不灵,蓍久则不神。至周室之卜官,常宝藏蓍龟。」——夏、殷要卜,就把蓍龟取来,用完了丢掉;理由是龟一藏就不灵、蓍放久就不神。到周室的卜官,才把蓍龟当宝贝收藏。注意开头两个字「略闻」:作者自己就说这是听来的大略,不是档案。

灼龟观兆

用龟的那一步,只取一句制度性的表述:「夫摓策定数,灼龟观兆,变化无穷,是以择贤而用占焉。」——摆开蓍策定数,烧灼龟甲看兆,变化无穷,所以要择贤者来占。这一句到此为止:本页后面还有八名龟、卜祝辞、灵验故事,本篇都不取,因为那些是方术与故事,不是制度;而且要「择贤而用占」,不是谁手里有甲谁就能占。灼龟的具体程序、祝辞怎么念,本篇不铺。

这一卷是谁写的

这一卷的来历要单说。篇中引太史公自序的话:「三王不同龟,四夷各异卜,然各以决吉凶,略窥其要,故作龟策列传。」紧接着是褚先生的话:他在长安找不到这篇列传,「故之大卜官,问掌故文学长老习事者,写取龟策卜事,编于下方」。也就是说,今本这一卷有汉人补写的部分,取龟、名龟、卜祝这些内容就来自那次访求。所以本篇每引一句都标「《史记》说」,不把它当商代材料。今本这一卷是两副手笔:前面是太史公的议论,后面一大段是从大卜官那里写取来的卜事。

两页的年代层次可以排一下:《禹贡》是战国成书的贡物清单(一般认为),《龟策列传》是汉人的论述加补写。两页都不能当商代实录——这是本篇的前提,不是免责声明:既然材料是后世的,能写的就只是「后世文本里的龟」,不是「商代的龟」。一句话里的九江、一句里的夏殷,都是写书人往回看的说法。

分线与缺口

站内已有两篇讲甲骨上的日常占问与祭祖,那两篇处理的是卜辞内容与祭祀;本篇只问三件事:龟从哪来(贡物)、怎么存(藏龟)、怎么用(灼龟观兆)。卜辞本身、商王问了什么、怎么应验,本篇一字不写,也不与那两篇重复;不引一条卜辞,也不列一条祭仪。

两页都不给的是:甲骨卜辞原件(不在本材料内,明写没有)、商代龟甲的实际来源与规格、贡纳制度的实况、九江一带在商代是否真的贡龟、以及「龟藏则不灵」这套说法起于何时。缺口列在这里,不补。贡物里的「大龟」与卜官手里的甲是不是同一种龟,两页都不说。一篇贡物清单的末项与一句听来的旧闻,是相隔几百年的两个人对龟的两种说法;它们之间的那段空白,两页都填不上。

延伸阅读:甲乙丙丁:商王名字里的十天干 · 三耦与司射:一场乡射礼怎么排 · 春蒐夏苗秋狝冬狩:一年四场田猎,两页各说一半

参考来源与延伸阅读

  1. 《尚书·禹贡》(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The tribute lists of the nine provinces, a Warring States text. Jingzhou's list runs: feathers, hair, teeth, hides; the three metals; several timbers; whetstones, drills and cinnabar; bamboo; then 'the Nine Rivers send in a great turtle' (九江納〔入〕錫〔賜〕大龜). The same chapter lists Yangzhou's goods, including 'a basket of woven shell' (厥篚織貝). The page prints variant readings in brackets — 納 read as 入, 錫 read as 賜 — and these are kept as the page gives them. These are lists of what came from where; they say nothing about how a shell was used or what size it had to be.
  2. 司马迁《史记》卷一百二十八〈龟策列传〉(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — A Han text about divination. The Grand Historian opens: 'when a king decides doubtful matters he consults the milfoil and the shell, and cuts the knot with them — this is the unchanging way' (王者決定諸疑,參以卜筮,斷以蓍龜,不易之道也). Then the sentence this article centres on: 'I have heard in outline that when the Xia and Yin wished to divine they took up the milfoil and the shell, and when done threw them away, holding that a shell kept in storage loses its numen and milfoil kept long loses its spirit; it was the diviners of the Zhou house who kept them as treasures' (略聞夏殷欲卜者,乃取蓍龜,已則棄去之,以為龜藏則不靈……至周室之卜官,常寶藏蓍龜). On the act itself: 'to arrange the stalks and fix the numbers, to burn the shell and observe the cracks' (夫摓策定數,灼龜觀兆). The chapter also says how it was assembled: the Grand Historian's own note, quoted inside it, reads 'the three kings had different shells and the four directions different divinations… so I made the Traditions of Shells and Stalks'; and Chu Shaosun adds that he could not obtain that text in Chang'an, went to the grand diviner's office, questioned the old clerks, and 'wrote down the shell-and-stalk divination matters and arranged them below' (寫取龜策卜事,編于下方).