阮籍求官这件事,两页都写,斤两不同。《晋书》卷四十九本传说:他听说步兵厨的营人善酿,存着三百斛酒,就求做步兵校尉。《世说新语·任诞》只有一句:步兵校尉的缺出来了,厨中有贮酒数百斛,阮籍便去求这个官。刘孝标的注又引《文士传》,说「三百石」。同一个缺、同一批酒,三种写法,本文并列,不替它们定一个数。

一、步兵校尉的缺

本传写得最清楚:「籍闻步兵厨营人善酿,有贮酒三百斛,乃求为步兵校尉。遗落世事,虽去佐职,恒游府内,朝宴必与焉。」——听说厨里善酿、有三百斛酒,就求这个官;求到以后「遗落世事」,虽然离开了原来的属职,却常在府内,朝宴必到。求官的理由与到任后的行为,传里都只写这一层。

《世说》的版本:「步兵校尉缺,厨中有贮酒数百斛,阮籍乃求为步兵校尉。」注引《文士传》:「后闻步兵厨中有酒三百石,忻然求为校尉。于是入府舍,与刘伶酣饮。」——「数百斛」「三百斛」「三百石」三个说法并列;斛与石是两种量名,本文照录,不互换、不折今制,也不替它们算成同一数量。

二、醉是办法

本传先给了一个背景:「籍本有济世志,属魏晋之际,天下多故,名士少有全者,籍由是不与世事,遂酣饮为常。」接着两件事:文帝想替武帝向阮家求婚,「籍醉六十日,不得言而止」;钟会几次拿时政问他,想抓住他的答话定罪,「皆以酣醉获免」。——醉在传里是手段,不是嗜好;这个判断是传自己的话,不是本文加的。

《世说》另有一句评语:「王孝伯问王大:『阮籍何如司马相如?』王大曰:『阮籍胸中垒块,故须酒浇之。』」——这是王大(王忱)的话,不是史家的评语;本文照录,并标出说话人。

三、丧礼上的酒肉

《世说》有一场本传没有的场面:「阮籍遭母丧,在晋文王坐,进酒肉。司隶何曾亦在坐,曰:『明公方以孝治天下,而阮籍以重丧,显于公坐,饮酒食肉,宜流之海外,以正风教。』文王曰:『嗣宗毁顿如此,君不能共忧之,何谓?且有疾而饮酒食肉,固丧礼也!』籍饮啖不辍,神色自若。」——何曾要把他流放,司马昭替他说话,他照吃不误。三个人各说一句,本文不替谁作评。

本传写母丧的经过更细:他正与人下棋,母亲死了,「对者求止,籍留与决赌」;下完「饮酒二斗,举声一号,吐血数升」;将葬时「食一蒸肫,饮二斗酒,然后临诀,直言穷矣,举声一号,因又吐血数升,毁瘠骨立,殆致灭性」。——二斗、数升、一蒸肫,照录,不折今制。

《世说》作:「阮籍当葬母,蒸一肥豚,饮酒二斗,然后临诀,直言『穷矣』!都得一号,因吐血,废顿良久。」注引邓粲《晋纪》却作「饮酒三斗,举声一号,呕血数升」。——「豚」与「肫」字不同,「二斗」与「三斗」数不同,「吐血」与「呕血」字不同;三种都照录,不合并。

四、白眼与「礼」

本传写吊丧:「裴楷往吊之,籍散发箕踞,醉而直视,楷吊唁毕便去。」有人问裴楷:按礼,主人哭,客人才行礼;阮籍不哭,你哭什么?裴楷答:「阮籍既方外之士,故不崇礼典。我俗中之士,故以轨仪自居。」「时人叹为两得。」——两个人的话都照录。 同段接着写青白眼:「籍又能为青白眼,见礼俗之士,以白眼对之。及嵇喜来吊,籍作白眼,喜不怿而退。喜弟康闻之,乃赍酒挟琴造焉,籍大悦,乃见青眼。由是礼法之士疾之若仇,而帝每保护之。」——白眼看礼俗之士,青眼看赍酒挟琴的嵇康;末句是传的叙述,照录。

「礼」这一句两页不同。本传:「籍嫂尝归宁,籍相见与别。或讥之,籍曰:『礼岂为我设邪!』」《世说》:「阮籍嫂尝还家,籍见与别。或讥之。籍曰:『礼岂为我辈设也?』」——「为我设」与「为我辈设」一字之差,并列。邻家妇当垆沽酒,本传作「籍尝诣饮,醉,便卧其侧。籍既不自嫌,其夫察之,亦不疑也」;《世说》作「阮与王安丰常从妇饮酒,阮醉,便眠其妇侧。夫始殊疑之,伺察,终无他意」——《世说》多「王安丰」,「夫」的反应更细。

五、两页的分量

两页的性质不同:《晋书》是唐初所修的史传,把一生串成一条线,并给出「由是不与世事」这样的断语;《世说》是南朝宋人编的轶事,一条一句,多对话,刘孝标的注又引了《文士传》《邓粲晋纪》《魏氏春秋》等异说。本文把「传文」「轶事」「注引」三层分开写:同一件事,史传给总叙,世说给场面,注给异文。

两页都不给:步兵厨的编制与酒从哪来、斛与石怎么换算、酒的度数、校尉的俸禄、卒年的月日(本传只给「景元四年冬卒,时年五十四」)。本文不写「魏晋风度」「放达」一类的通论,也不把阮籍讲成寓言;两页给的是一串有年份、有对话、也有异文的事。

延伸阅读:陶潜辞官的账:五斗米、公田种秫与一篇自述 · 十二卷,一百一十八篇:一部针灸书怎么编出来 · 冰:冬天凿、夏天颁、死人洗浴也用

参考来源与延伸阅读

  1. 《晋书》卷四十九·阮籍传(唐房玄龄等撰;维基文库本,页面白文无注,未与中华书局点校本复核) — The biography: Ruan Ji of Chenliu, who shut himself up with books for months, roamed the hills for days, loved the Zhuangzi and Laozi, drank and whistled and played the qin; he declined the summons of Jiang Ji, served briefly and left, resigned from Cao Shuang's staff and was proved far-sighted when Shuang was killed. Then 籍本有濟世志,屬魏、晉之際,天下多故,名士少有全者,籍由是不與世事,遂酣飲為常 — he had meant to do something in the world, but in those years few famous men survived, so he kept out of affairs and drank; when Emperor Wen tried to marry his son to Ruan Ji's daughter, Ji was drunk for sixty days and the matter could not be raised; Zhong Hui questioned him on current affairs to trap him, and he escaped each time through drink. 籍聞步兵廚營人善釀,有貯酒三百斛,乃求為步兵校尉 — hearing the cooks of the infantry office brewed well and had three hundred hu of wine in store, he asked for the post of colonel of infantry. The life then gives the nine tin-proclamation written at a drunken desk, the death of his mother with two dou of wine and blood spat, Pei Kai's visit, the blue and white eyes, his sister-in-law and the wine-shop woman, the lonely drives and the cry at Guangwu, and his death in the winter of Jingyuan 4 at fifty-four.
  2. 《世说新语·任诞》(南朝宋刘义庆撰,刘孝标注;维基文库本,页面白文夹注,未与中华书局点校本复核) — Anecdotes with Liu Xiaobiao's notes: 步兵校尉缺,廚中有貯酒數百斛,阮籍乃求為步兵校尉 — when the post of colonel of infantry fell vacant and the kitchen held several hundred hu of wine, Ruan Ji asked for it; the note quotes the Wen Shi Zhuan: 後聞步兵廚中有酒三百石,忻然求為校尉 — three hundred shi of wine, and he asked gladly. The same chapter has the scene in which, mourning his mother, he eats and drinks at Sima Zhao's table while He Zeng demands he be exiled; 阮籍當葬母,蒸一肥豚,飲酒二斗,然後臨訣,直言「窮矣」,with the note's Deng Can version giving three dou of wine; his sister-in-law's farewell and 禮豈為我輩設也; the wine-shop woman and 阮與王安豐常從婦飲酒; Pei Kai's visit; and 阮籍胸中壘塊,故須酒澆之.