定公八年十月,季氏的家臣打算在宴席上殺掉自己的主人。家臣叫陽虎;季氏是魯國三家之一,魯國的政事早在這一家手裡。《左傳》把這一天寫得極細:人名、干支日、車的次序、車上的對話;《史記·魯周公世家》記同一件事只有五六句。本文用兩頁:現場據《左傳》,骨架據《史記》;兩處不同,並列不合併。「家臣」二字,兩頁都沒有定義——指大夫家的私屬職官;一個季氏之臣能在魯國「為政」,是兩頁寫出來的事,不是兩頁解釋過的制度。

一、政在季氏

定公即位時,趙簡子問史墨:「季氏亡乎?」史墨對:「不亡。季友有大功於魯,受鄪為上卿,至於文子、武子,世增其業。魯文公卒,東門遂殺適立庶,魯君於是失國政。政在季氏,於今四君矣。民不知君,何以得國!」末一句是:「是以为為君慎器與名,不可以假人。」問話的人是外人,答話是對魯國政局的判斷;書把這段安在定公即位的開頭。

陽虎的起點,《史記》只有四條。定公五年:「季平子卒。陽虎私怒,囚季桓子,與盟,乃舍之。」盟的內容不寫,本文只用這一句作背景。七年:「齊伐我,取鄆,以為魯陽虎邑以從政。」《左傳》同年作「陽虎居之以為政」——他已有自己的邑,也已經在執政。一個家臣,邑與政都有了,才有第八年那場事。

二、五個人,三個位子

《左傳》先列班底,按各自的不得意:「季寤、公鉏極、公山不狃皆不得志於季氏,叔孫輒無寵於叔孫氏,叔仲志不得志於魯,故五人因陽虎。」然後是計劃:「陽虎欲去三桓,以季寤更季氏,以叔孫輒更叔孫氏,己更孟氏。」——三家不廢,換的是三家的人頭。「己更孟氏」一般認為就是自己去做孟氏之主;頁面上只有這一句,沒有解釋。

《史記》同段寫法不同:「陽虎欲盡殺三桓適,而更立其所善庶子以代之」——殺盡三家的嫡子,換立自己中意的庶子。兩說並列:一說明明寫替換的人名,一說只寫「所善庶子」;不合併,也不替它們裁斷。

三、辛卯、壬辰、癸巳

《左傳》用三個干支日記這場事,照錄:「冬十月,順祀先公而祈焉。辛卯,禘于僖公。壬辰,將享季氏于蒲圃而殺之,戒都車曰:『癸巳至』。」先祭祀,再動手,再調兵:三步,三個日子。干支不折公曆,本文也不給西曆日期。

洩露在這道命令上。「成宰公斂處父告孟孫曰:『季氏戒都車,何故?』孟孫曰:『吾弗聞。』處父曰:『然則亂也,必及於子,先備諸。』與孟孫以壬辰為期。」——成邑的宰去問孟孫,孟孫說沒聽說;那就是亂了,會輪到你,先備著;於是把日子定在壬辰。壬辰在癸巳之前一日,這是據推測:頁面只把兩個日子並排放著,沒有一句說「提前」。

車序先寫:「陽虎前驅,林楚御桓子,虞人以鈹盾夾之,陽越殿,將如蒲圃。」孟氏那邊:「孟氏選圉人之壯者三百人,以為公期築室於門外。」三百個壯丁,在門外蓋房子。圉人,一般認為指養馬的人,本頁無注。

四、車上的話

路上有一段對話,照錄:桓子咋謂林楚曰:「而先皆季氏之良也,爾以是繼之。」對曰:「臣聞命後。陽虎為政,魯國服焉,違之徵死,死無益於主。」桓子曰:「何後之有?而能以我適孟氏乎?」對曰:「不敢愛死,懼不免主。」桓子曰:「往也。」——主人先認舊情,馭手先說難處,主人再問「能把我送到孟氏嗎」,馭手答「不敢惜死,怕的是救不了主人」。這一天是從這幾句裡翻過來的。

脫身只三句:「林楚怒,馬及衢而騁,陽越射之不中。築者闔門。有自門間射陽越,殺之。」——車上了大路就猛跑,陽越一箭沒中,築室的壯丁把門關上,門縫裡一箭射死陽越。計劃到此為止。

五、巷戰、寶玉大弓與出走

接著是巷戰:「陽虎劫公與武叔以伐孟氏,公斂處父帥成人,自上東門入,與陽氏戰于南門之內,弗勝。又戰于棘下,陽氏敗。」然後是取寶:「陽氏說甲如公宮,取寶玉大弓以出,舍于五父之衢,寢而為食。」——說甲即脫甲,進公宮把寶玉與大弓取出來。經只寫「盜竊寶玉大弓」,傳寫明是陽氏。最後是那句自負:徒曰「追其將至」,虎曰:「魯人聞余出,喜於徵死,何暇追余?」從者曰:「嘻,速駕,公斂陽在。」

《左傳》把他送出魯國:「陽虎入于讙、陽關以叛。」定公九年,「陽虎歸寶玉大弓」,經曰「得」,「器用也」。魯伐陽關,陽虎「使焚萊門,師驚,犯之而出,奔齊」,請齊師伐魯,說「三加必取之」;齊侯將許,鮑文子諫止;齊侯執陽虎,他兩次「載蔥靈」而逃,奔宋,遂奔晉,適趙氏。《史記》一句作結:「九年,魯伐陽虎,陽虎奔齊,已而奔晉趙氏。」《左傳》在這段末尾記孔子一句:「趙氏其世有亂乎。」晉國的事,兩頁只有「適趙氏」這一點,本文不補。

延伸閱讀:樂府:八百二十九個人,四百四十一個被裁掉 · 虎符:一半在君,一半在將 · 盜鑄:一紙死罪與數十萬坐罪者

參考來源與延伸閱讀

  1. 《春秋左氏传·定公》(定公五年、七年、八年、九年传;维基文库本,页面白文无注,未与中华书局点校本复核) — The Zuo Tradition for Duke Ding of Lu. Fifth year: Yang Hu imprisons Ji Huanzi. Seventh year: Yang Hu dwells at Yun and 'administers' from it. Eighth year, the core of this article: five men who had got nowhere attach themselves to Yang Hu, who plans to replace the heads of the three great houses — Ji Wu for the Ji, Shusun Zhe for the Shusun, himself for the Meng; after sacrifices on xinmao and renchen he means to feast and kill the Ji lord at Puqu, ordering the capital's chariots for the guisi day, but the steward of Cheng warns the Meng and they fix on renchen; the carriage order, the exchange between Huanzi and his driver Lin Chu, the Meng's three hundred grooms building outside the gate, the gallop, the missed shot, the shutting gate and the arrow from between its leaves; fighting inside the south gate and at Jixia; the taking of the treasures and the great bow; his boast and his follower's correction; his rebellion at Huan and Yangguan. Ninth year: the treasures returned, Yangguan attacked, his flight to Qi, the twice-used covered cart, and his passage to Song and then to the Zhao clan in Jin.
  2. 《史记》卷三十三·鲁周公世家(西汉司马迁撰;维基文库本,页面白文无注,未与中华书局点校本复核) — Sima Qian's brief account, used for the frame. When Duke Ding came to the throne, Shi Mo tells Zhao Jianzi that the Ji will not perish: Ji You had done great service, the family's estate grew through generations, and since the killing of the rightful heir under Duke Wen the ruler of Lu had lost the government — 'the government is in the Ji, four rulers now; the people do not know their lord, how should he hold the state?', ending that a ruler is careful with emblems and names and does not lend them out. Then four entries: in Duke Ding's fifth year Yang Hu, in private anger, imprisons Ji Huanzi and makes a covenant before releasing him; in the seventh year Qi takes Yun and it is made Yang Hu's town, from which he takes part in government; in the eighth year he wishes to kill all the legitimate heirs of the three houses and replace them with sons he favours, and when Huanzi escapes by a ruse the three houses attack him and he holds Yangguan; in the ninth year Lu attacks him, and he flees to Qi and then to the Zhao clan in Jin.