第一次出場,是三個字:「石也。」《韓非子·和氏》開頭:「楚人和氏得玉璞楚山中,奉而獻之厲王。厲王使玉人相之。玉人曰:『石也。』王以和為誑,而刖其左足。」一塊還沒剖開的璞,一個玉人的判斷,一隻左腳。這一篇寫這塊玉在文本裡的三次出場;三次都有出處,但都不許串成一條線。
一、卞和:兩次刖足
兩獻,兩刖,句子幾乎一樣:「及厲王薨,武王即位。和又奉其璞而獻之武王。武王使玉人相之。又曰:『石也。』王又以和為誑,而刖其右足。」同一個判斷,同一種處置:左足之後是右足。本頁不寫玉人是誰、怎麼相、憑什麼說是石頭,本篇也不補——兩頁都沒有。
第三次是哭。「武王薨,文王即位。和乃抱其璞而哭於楚山之下,三日三夜,淚盡而繼之以血。」王聽說了,派人去問:「天下之刖者多矣,子奚哭之悲也?」和答:「吾非悲刖也,悲夫寶玉而題之以石,貞士而名之以誑,此吾所以悲也。」——我不是為刖足哭,是為寶玉被標成石頭、貞士被叫作騙子。於是「王乃使玉人理其璞而得寶焉,遂命曰『和氏之璧』」。
二、這塊玉在《韓非子》裡是論據
這一層必須寫死:卞和的故事在《韓非子》裡不是楚國檔案,是一段議論的開頭。故事一完,韓非馬上轉:「夫珠玉,人主之所急也。和雖獻璞而未美,未為主之害也,然猶兩足斬而寶乃論,論寶若此其難也。」——連人主最急的珠玉,都要砍掉兩隻腳才被承認;然後他把話頭接到「法術之士」身上:「有道者之不僇也,特帝王之璞未獻耳」,再舉吳起枝解於楚、商君車裂於秦。所以本篇只把卞和那段當故事引,韓非的論證標明是論證,不混進「楚史」。
而從「命曰和氏之璧」到它出現在趙國,中間是空的。《韓非子》這一頁到此轉入議論,再沒提這塊玉;《史記》那邊只有一句「趙惠文王時,得楚和氏璧」——一個「得」字,來路不明。怎麼從楚到趙、經過誰的手、是不是就是卞和那一塊,兩頁都不說。本篇明寫:不知道,也不補。
三、趙國的朝議
「秦昭王聞之,使人遺趙王書,原以十五城請易璧。」趙王與大將軍廉頗諸大臣商量:給吧,怕秦城拿不到、白受騙;不給吧,怕秦兵來。計未定,宦者令繆賢薦了藺相如。相如的分析是:「秦彊而趙弱,不可不許。」王問:「取吾璧,不予我城,奈何?」相如答:「秦以城求璧而趙不許,曲在趙。趙予璧而秦不予趙城,曲在秦。」於是有了那句承諾:「王必無人,臣願奉璧往使。城入趙而璧留秦;城不入,臣請完璧歸趙。」
四、章台:睨柱
獻璧一段,動作很密:「秦王坐章臺見相如,相如奉璧奏秦王。秦王大喜,傳以示美人及左右,左右皆呼萬歲。」相如看出秦王無意償城,走上前說:「璧有瑕,請指示王。」王把璧遞給他,他「因持璧卻立,倚柱,怒髮上沖冠」,說:臣以為布衣之交尚不相欺,何況大國;趙王為這塊璧齋戒五日、拜送書於庭,是「嚴大國之威以修敬」;如今大王見臣禮節甚倨,得璧又「傳之美人,以戲弄臣」——「臣觀大王無意償趙王城邑,故臣復取璧。大王必欲急臣,臣頭今與璧倶碎於柱矣!」接著「相如持其璧睨柱,欲以擊柱」。
秦王怕璧碎,連忙「辭謝固請」,叫有司拿出地圖,「指從此以往十五都予趙」。相如估量這是詐,便提出條件:「和氏璧,天下所共傳寶也……今大王亦宜齋戒五日,設九賓於廷,臣乃敢上璧。」秦王答應齋戒五日,把相如安置在廣成傳舍。相如則「使其從者衣褐,懷其璧,從徑道亡,歸璧於趙」——璧先回去了。
結局也照錄:秦王齋五日後設九賓禮,相如到場,說「秦自繆公以來二十餘君,未嘗有堅明約束者也」,璧已歸趙;「臣知欺大王之罪當誅,臣請就湯鑊」。秦王與群臣「相視而嘻」,左右想把相如拉走,秦王說:殺了相如也得不到璧,不如厚待他。於是「卒廷見相如,畢禮而歸之」。末句一行交代:「秦亦不以城予趙,趙亦終不予秦璧。」
五、三處不許合成一條線
兩塊材料不是一回事。《韓非子·和氏》是戰國議論裡的寓言:卞和獻璞、受刑、哭山、理璞得寶,全在證明「論寶若此其難」。《史記·廉頗藺相如列傳》是漢代史書的敘事:秦趙爭一塊叫「和氏璧」的玉,藺相如把它送回趙國。兩頁相通的只有一個名字和「楚」字——《史記》說「得楚和氏璧」,沒說這塊就是卞和獻的那一塊。所以本篇分三層寫:卞和的故事(韓非子)、趙國「得」玉一句(史記)、秦趙十五城的爭奪(史記),不合成「一塊玉的流傳史」。
兩頁不給的也列清:璧的尺寸、玉質、重量,都沒有;「十五城」是秦「請易」的開價,不是對璧的估價,本篇不拿它折算;「價值連城」這類成語的來歷不寫;也不寫「誠信」「外交智慧」這類道德評語。站內寫佩玉的篇目講的是身上的禮,寫問鼎的篇目講的是銅器——這一篇只寫一塊玉在幾段文字裡被叫作什麼:先被叫作「石」,再被叫作「天下所共傳寶」,最後一行是「秦亦不以城予趙,趙亦終不予秦璧」。三次都不是玉自己說話。
延伸閱讀:家臣:一個大夫家裡的朝廷,反過來扣住了主人 · 樂府:八百二十九個人,四百四十一個被裁掉 · 虎符:一半在君,一半在將
參考來源與延伸閱讀
- 《韩非子·和氏》(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The whole of the Bian He story in one paragraph: 'a man of Chu, He, got a jade in the rough in the Chu mountains and presented it to King Li. King Li had the jade-cutter look at it; the jade-cutter said: It is a stone. The king took He for a deceiver and cut off his left foot. When King Li died and King Wu came to the throne, He again presented the rough jade; the jade-cutter again said: It is a stone; and his right foot was cut off. When King Wu died and King Wen came to the throne, He clasped the rough jade and wept at the foot of the Chu mountains for three days and three nights, until his tears dried and blood came after them' (楚人和氏得玉璞楚山中……泣盡而繼之以血); the king's question and He's answer ('I do not grieve for the cutting — I grieve that a precious jade is labelled a stone, and a true man is called a deceiver'); and the ending, 'the king had the jade-cutter cut and polish the rough stone and got the treasure from it, and it was named the He family jade' (王乃使玉人理其璞而得寶焉,遂命曰和氏之璧). The rest of the chapter is Han Fei's argument — that a treasure is only judged after two feet are cut, and that men of law and method fare likewise, with Wu Qi and Lord Shang as examples — and that argument is marked as argument here, not as Chu history.
- 《史记》卷八十一〈廉颇蔺相如列传〉(维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — The Qin-Zhao episode, used as a separate layer: 'in the time of King Huiwen of Zhao they got the He family jade of Chu. King Zhao of Qin heard of it and sent a letter offering fifteen cities in exchange' (趙惠文王時,得楚和氏璧……原以十五城請易璧); Lin Xiangru's undertaking, 'if the cities enter Zhao the jade stays in Qin; if not, I ask to return the jade whole to Zhao' (城入趙而璧留秦;城不入,臣請完璧歸趙); the audience at the Zhang terrace, the jade passed round to the beauties, 'the jade has a flaw — let me point it out to Your Majesty', the retreat to the pillar with hair bristling, 'my head will be smashed with the jade against this pillar' (臣頭今與璧倶碎於柱矣), the demand for five days' fasting and nine guests in the court, the servant in coarse clothes carrying the jade home by a side road (使其從者衣褐,懷其璧,從徑道亡,歸璧於趙), and the close, 'Qin never gave the cities to Zhao, and Zhao never gave the jade to Qin' (秦亦不以城予趙,趙亦終不予秦璧). The page marks variant characters with editorial -{…}- brackets (於, 舍, 復, 髮), which are transcription marks and are not quoted.




