成化二年(1466)六月,疏通東西公生門至大明門的溝渠,「各二百一十五丈」;東安門至南牆角的溝渠,二百二十五丈。這幾乎就是全部細節:記錄只給長度——沒有寬,沒有深,沒有斷面,也沒有淘出什麼。四行字,從《明憲宗實錄》裡被清人轉引下來。
兩條溝的丈數
門比溝早三十年。東西長安門通向五府各部的總門,京師市井把它訛叫「孔聖門」,其實本名「公生門」;正統元年(1436)六月,「作公生門於長安左右門外之南」。先有門,三十年後才有從門下過的溝。
原文有個「各」字:「東西公生門至大明門溝渠各二百一十五丈。」「各」可能指東西兩段各二百一十五丈,也可能是合計;本文照錄「各」,不代算。記錄也沒有路線:兩頭只有門名,沒有圖,本文不畫走向。
一條河怎麼走
灌滿這些溝的水,從城外很遠的地方來。城河的源流,清初人記明代北京時寫得清楚:出昌平州白浮村神仙泉,通榆河,會一畝、馬眼諸泉,匯為七里濼,東流環繞都城,叫玉河;由大通橋而下,至通州高麗莊入白河,與盧溝河合,長一百六十餘里。這條河是元都水監郭守敬所鑿,賜名通惠河,明代沿用。玉河是繞都城那一段的名字,不是整條漕河的名字。
另有一支,單獨記:西山玉泉從水關進來,經越橋(俗名銀錠橋),流入西苑,繞宮禁,自玉河橋出,入城河,合流至大通橋入漕。玉河橋凡三:一跨長安東街,一跨文德坊街,一近城垣。
橋、閘和濠
正統四年(1439),把城濠挖深,「四涯悉甃以磚石」;九門舊有的木橋全撤掉,換成石橋,「兩橋之間各有水閘」;濠水自城西北隅環城而東,「歷九橋九閘」,從城東南隅流至大通橋而去。九橋九閘只是這一圈城濠上的數,不是全城排水設施的總數。
官修《明史》給北京只留了三條,而且都是修補:正統四年「設正陽門外減水河,並疏城內溝渠」;六年「修江米巷玉河橋及堤,並濬京城西南河」;嘉靖二年「修德勝門東、朝陽門北城垣河道」。三條都沒有丈尺、夫役和花費。卷八十八的題目是「直省水利」,不是都城水道志,別把它讀成一部系統記載。
一次雨和一場爭論
正統五年(1440)六月,一場連雨把問題澆了出來。侍講劉球奏:天雨連綿,宣武街西河決漫流,與街東河會合,二水泛溢,渰沒居民;請修堤以消患,並在城外宣橋西等處「量作減水河」,洩城中諸水。這道奏議收在清初人的書裡,日期是六月。
皇甫仲和的說法不同:宣武門西舊有涼水河,其東城河南岸亦有舊溝,都可以疏通,「以洩水勢,不利作新」。皇帝「復是其言」——結論是疏舊溝,不新開。至於舊溝後來有沒有疏、疏到哪一步,材料沒有下文。
最後一次大動
最後一次大工程,挖的是漕糧,不是排水。崇禎己卯(1639)二月,內監曹化淳議在京城外開河以通漕糧;自崇禎十二年三月十九日起,到辛巳(1641)六月,所開河自土城廣渠門起至大通橋運糧河北岸,挑河長三千八百六十二丈,東直門外關帝廟挑月河二百七十丈,斗虎營至關帝廟大石橋挑河三千一百五十一丈;共用班軍二百零三萬二千餘名,五城兩縣募夫二萬零九百餘名;尚有萬三千五百丈未完。兵部侍郎吳甡「以為勞費無益,且傷地脈,抗疏止之」。
另有一筆帳,記的是一次濬濠。魏大中〈濬濠疏〉:「夫以一百五十萬八百一十九名計,匠以一千二百八十九名計,班軍積日以三萬三千一十二名計,費水衡金錢六萬一千六百二十八兩九錢一分四釐八毫七絲五忽,司農銀一千七百三十三兩一錢三分,米三千三百一石二斗」,自東便門始,畫地分任。疏未繫年,據「沈遼潰陷」推在天啟初,這是推的,不是說死的。崇禎開河與這次濬濠是兩件事、兩個年代,本文分開寫。這些材料裡從頭到尾只有河、濠、溝、閘、橋,沒有一條街道下面的管網,也沒有一次「一套系統」的治理——只有點上的修補、災後的爭論和算到一半的帳。
參考來源與延伸閱讀
- 《明史》卷八十八·河渠六·直省水利 (Ming shi, juan 88, 'Waterways 6: Provincial Waterworks') — Official history, but a chapter on provincial waterworks, not a treatise on the capital's drains; Beijing appears in three entries only: 1439 a spillway outside Zhengyang Gate and dredging of the city ditches; 1441 the Jade River bridge and embankment at Jiangmi Lane plus dredging of the south-west city river; 1523 repair of the channels at Desheng Gate east and Chaoyang Gate north. No lengths, labour counts or costs.
- 《日下旧闻考》卷三十九·皇城一(清乾隆官修,四库全书本)(Rixia jiuwen kao, juan 39, Siku edition) — Siku edition, not collated against a critical edition. Quoting the Ming Xianzong Veritable Records: in the sixth month of 1466 the ditches from the east and west Gongsheng gates to the Great Ming gate were cleared, 215 zhang each, and the ditch from the East An gate to the corner of the south wall, 225 zhang. Also quoting the Shuyuan Zaji and the Yingzong Veritable Records on the Gongsheng gate (market name 'Kong Sheng', real name Gongsheng), first built south of the Chang'an side gates in 1436.
- 孙承泽《天府广记》卷四(清初人记明代北京)(Sun Chengze, Tianfu guangji, juan 4, early Qing on Ming Beijing) — Early-Qing account of Ming Beijing: the Jade River rises at the Shenxian spring in Baifu village, Changping, gathers the Yimu and Mayan springs into the Qili pool, circles the capital and runs more than 160 li to the Bai River at Gaoli village; a second branch brings the Western Hills spring through the water gate, past the Yue bridge into the Western Garden and around the palace precincts to the three Jade River bridges; in 1439 the moat was deepened and faced with brick, wooden bridges replaced in stone with a sluice between each pair, nine bridges and nine sluices around the circuit; in 1440 Liu Qiu reported flooding and Huangfu Zhonghe advised clearing old channels rather than cutting a new spillway.
- 孙承泽《春明梦余录》卷三(四库全书本,未与点校本复核)(Sun Chengze, Chunming mengyu lu, juan 3, Siku edition) — Siku edition: the 1639-41 canal outside the city (3,862 zhang from Guangqu Gate to the transport river at the Datong bridge, 270 zhang of moon channel outside Dongzhi Gate, 3,151 zhang from Douhu camp to the great stone bridge; 2,032,000 soldier-labourers and 20,900 hired men; 13,500 zhang unfinished; Wu Shen's memorial against it), and Wei Dazhong's dredging memorial (1,500,819 labourers, 1,289 craftsmen, 33,012 soldier-labourers by days, 61,628.9148 taels from the water office, 1,733.13 taels from the grain office, 3,301.2 shi of rice); the memorial is undated and is placed in the early Tianqi years only by its reference to the fall of Shenyang and Liaoyang.




