漕運：關東的粟怎麼進長安

參考來源與延伸閱讀

1. 《史记》卷三十·平准书（西汉；维基文库本，未与点校本复核） — The Shi Ji's figures and the line itself. Early Han: 'grain was shipped and transferred from east of the mountains to supply the officials at the capital, no more than several hundred thousand shi a year' (漕轉山東粟，以給中都官，歲不過數十萬石), in a passage that also says officials' salaries were measured and government needs reckoned before the tax was levied (量吏祿，度官用，以賦於民). After Shuofang: 'the transport was very distant, all east of the mountains bore the labour, the spending ran to tens and hundreds of millions, and the treasury grew empty' (轉漕甚遼遠，自山東咸被其勞，費數十百巨萬，府庫益虛). On the southwest road: 'the workers numbered tens of thousands, carrying grain a thousand li on their backs, and more than ten zhong delivered one shi' (作者數萬人，千里負擔饋糧，率十餘鐘致一石); and 'those who travel carry their own, those who stay send it out' (行者齎，居者送). Under Wu: 'the grain shipped down the river was reckoned at four million shi, and only with the government's own purchases was there enough' (而下河漕度四百萬石，及官自糴乃足); then 'the eastern transport increased to six million shi a year; within one year the Tai Cang and Gan Quan granaries were full' (山東漕益歲六百萬石。一歲之中，太倉、甘泉倉滿). Bu Shi as magistrate of Chenggao 'was best at transport' (將漕最). The treatise ends before Emperor Xuan, so its four-million figure belongs to Emperor Wu and is not the four million hu of the Tong Dian's Xuan Di passage; nor does it contain Qin's thirty-zhong ratio.
2. 《通典》卷十·食货十·漕运（唐杜佑；维基文库本，未与点校本复核） — A Tang compilation that preserves the Qin ratio and the Xuan Di figures. Qin: 'to attack the Xiongnu, grain was moved, and the world was made to fly fodder and haul millet … thirty zhong delivered one shi' (率三十鍾而致一石), with the note 'six hu four dou make one zhong; reckoning what the road consumed, one hundred and ninety-two hu were used to obtain one shi' (六斛四斗為鍾……凡用百九十二斛乃得一石); the route ran from the coastal commanderies of Huang, Zhui and Langya north to the Bei river, not to Chang'an. Early Han: the same 'no more than several hundred thousand shi' sentence, here assigned to 'the time of the first emperor', with the note 'this means the offices at the capital' (謂京師之官府). Jia Yi's memorial under Wen: 'on a cash of one coin in tax, tens of coins go on carriage' (一錢之賦，數十錢之費). The southwest road's 'more than ten zhong for one shi' is dated here to the jianyuan era. Zheng Dangshi in the yuan-guang era: a Wei-river run reckoned at six months, three by the new channel (度六月而罷……度可三月罷). Fan Xi: 'grain came from east and west of the mountains, more than a million shi a year, past the hazard of Dizhu, and much was lost' (漕從山東西，歲百餘萬石，更底柱之險，敗亡甚多). Xuan Di, wufeng: 'by precedent, four million hu of eastern grain were shipped each year to supply the capital, using sixty thousand men' (故事，歲漕關東谷四百萬斛以給京師，用卒六萬人), Geng Shouchang's proposal to buy nearby and halve the troops, Xiao Wangzhi's objection that granaries and boats would cost 'more than twenty million' (費直二萬萬餘), and the emperor's refusal, after which 'the transport indeed went conveniently' (漕事果便). The Tong Dian is a later compilation and not an independent witness to the Han text, but the Xuan Di passage is the only one of these two pages that carries that reign's figures.