那件朝衣。史記只有一句:「上令鼂錯衣朝衣斬東市」——皇帝下令,讓鼂錯穿著朝衣在東市被斬。句子停在衣服上:不是剝了官服再殺,是穿著那身朝衣死的。一篇要說的事,就在這個細節,和《漢書》後來補上的七個字裡。
陗直刻深
史記開傳:「鼂錯者,潁川人也」,「學申商刑名於軹張恢先所」——《漢書》同一處寫「生」不寫「先」,一字之差,兩處並列。「錯為人陗直刻深」——《漢書》作「峭直刻深」。四個字兩頁都不解釋,本篇也不替它緩頰。他受命去學《尚書》:「天下無治尚書者,獨聞濟南伏生故秦博士……年九十餘」——《漢書》作「亡治尚書者」「齊有伏生」。從「受尚書伏生所」回來,靠能說會道得幸太子,「太子家號曰」「智囊」。
文帝時他一次次上書:「數上書孝文時,言削諸侯事」——史記說「書數十上」,《漢書》說「書凡三十篇」,兩個數照錄並列;文帝不聽,但「奇其材」。他也樹敵:「袁盎諸大功臣多不好錯」,《漢書》作「爰盎」——同一個人,兩頁兩種寫法,本篇各照各頁。
他扳倒的第一個人是丞相申屠嘉。內史府在太上廟的壖垣之內,門朝東開不方便,於是「錯乃穿兩門南出,鑿廟壖垣」——鑿了廟垣(《漢書》作「穿門南出」「鑿廟堧垣」);丞相「欲因此過為奏請誅錯」,皇帝卻說「此非廟垣,乃壖中垣,不致於法」,一句就按下去了。罷朝,丞相對長史發怒:「吾當先斬以聞,乃先請,為兒所賣,固誤」——《漢書》這一句少「為兒所賣」,只作「乃先請,固誤」。「丞相遂發病死」,「錯以此愈貴」。
不如此,天子不尊,宗廟不安
景帝即位,他做到御史大夫,上奏「請諸侯之罪過,削其地,收其枝郡」——《漢書》作「削其支郡」。奏上,「上令公卿列侯宗室集議」,結果「莫敢難,獨竇嬰爭之」,從此「與錯有卻」(《漢書》作「繇此與錯有隙」)。他又改了三十章法令:「錯所更令三十章,諸侯皆諠譁疾鼂錯」(《漢書》作「諸侯讙譁」)。
然後他父親從潁川來了。史記的問句是:「侵削諸侯,別疏人骨肉」,「人口議多怨公者,何也」;《漢書》作「疏人骨肉」「口讓多怨,公何為也」。兒子的回答是全篇的骨頭:「固也。不如此,天子不尊,宗廟不安。」父親說:「劉氏安矣,而鼂氏危矣,吾去公歸矣!」(《漢書》作「而晁氏危」)「遂飲藥死」,留一句「吾不忍見禍及吾身」(《漢書》作「禍逮身」)。時間兩頁都記:「死十餘日,吳楚七國果反,以誅錯為名」(《漢書》作「後十餘日……俱反」)。
屏人
《漢書》在這裡多出一間屋子:「上與錯議出軍事,錯欲令上自將兵,而身居守」——皇帝與鼂錯議出兵,錯想讓皇帝親征、自己居守。袁盎入見,「願屏左右」;「上屏人,獨錯在」;「臣所言,人臣不得知」;「乃屏錯」;「錯趨避東箱,甚恨」——退到東箱,恨得厲害(東箱一般認為即堂的東廂)。史記這一段只有一句:「鼂錯在前,及盎請辟人賜閒,錯去,固恨甚。」五個動作是《漢書》的,一句是史記的;兩處並列,不取一棄一。
袁盎的對策也是《漢書》獨有:「獨有斬錯」;「發使赦吳楚七國,復其故地,則兵可毋血刃而俱罷」——只有斬錯,再派使臣赦七國、還其故地,不血刃就能罷兵。皇帝「默然,良久曰:『顧誠何如,吾不愛一人謝天下』」——「吾不愛一人謝天下」是景帝的話,引時說明。
劾奏
「後十餘日」,丞相青翟、中尉嘉、廷尉藍「劾奏錯」,罪名三條,照錄:「錯不稱陛下德信,欲疏群臣百姓,又欲以城邑予吳,亡臣子禮,大逆無道」。判詞是:「錯當要斬,父母妻子同產無少長皆棄巿」——要斬一般認為即腰斬;接著「臣請論如法」,然後「制曰:『可』」。這一段全是《漢書》獨有;它到底是不是一場審判,要看下面四個字。
「錯殊不知」——鼂錯一點也不知道。這七字與「紿載行巿」,也是《漢書》獨有。「乃使中尉召錯,紿載行巿」——派中尉去召他,騙他上車,載到市上(紿載行巿一般認為即騙上車載往市)。然後是那一句:「錯衣朝衣斬東巿」。《史記》寫作「上令鼂錯衣朝衣斬東市」——多「上令」二字,地名作「市」;《漢書》沒有「上令」,地名作「巿」。兩頁都有東市,本篇只把字形照各頁錄,不改。
吾亦恨之
事後,皇帝問從前方回來的鄧公:鼂錯死了,吳楚罷兵沒有?鄧公答:「吳王為反數十年矣,發怒削地,以誅錯為名,其意非在錯也」(《漢書》作「數十歲矣」「其意不在錯也」)。後果是:「且臣恐天下之士噤口,不敢復言也」(《漢書》作「拑口」)。他為死人辯:「夫鼂錯患諸侯彊大不可制,故請削地以尊京師,萬世之利也」;「計畫始行,卒受大戮,內杜忠臣之口,外為諸侯報仇」。皇帝「默然良久」(《漢書》作「喟然長息」),說:「公言善,吾亦恨之。」兩頁給皇帝的就到這一句,本篇不補平反。
《漢書》以班固的贊收尾:「晁錯銳於為國遠慮,而不見身害」;他父親看見了,「經於溝瀆」——一般認為即飲藥自盡,「亡益救敗」,不如趙母指括能全其宗(一般認為指趙括之母上書言括不可用);「悲夫!錯雖不終,世哀其忠」。史記沒有這段贊。兩頁都沒有的:鼂錯的年齡、斬的日期、一場真正的審問、一句念給他的判詞。分線各一句:除肉刑是另一篇,漢法條是另一篇,張釋之三案是另一篇,季布匿藏與赦免是另一篇;東市在兩頁裡都只是地名,本篇不補漢代刑場在東市這類常識。
延伸閱讀:三百五十九章:漢代的法條越刪越多 · 三個案子:張釋之怎麼判 · 儒林:一部經怎麼一代代傳下去
參考來源與延伸閱讀
- 《史记》卷一百一·袁盎鼂错列传第四十一(西汉司马迁撰;维基文库本,白文无注,页头未标 textquality,未与中华书局点校本复核) — The shorter account, and its brevity is part of the argument. Chao Cuo of Yingchuan studied the penal doctrine of Shen and Shang; 錯為人陗直刻深; he was sent to study the Documents with the ninety-year-old Fu Sheng, and the heir apparent's household called him 智囊. He memorialised repeatedly on cutting the principalities (書數十上); Emperor Wen did not listen but thought him talented. His father came from Yingchuan and asked why he was carving up the royal kin; the answer is the sentence the article is built on, 固也。不如此,天子不尊,宗廟不安; the father said 劉氏安矣,而鼂氏危矣, took poison and died. Ten days later the seven states rose 以誅錯為名, and the account of the killing is a single sentence: 上令鼂錯衣朝衣斬東市 — the emperor ordered it, the dress is named, the place is written 東市. The page also has one compressed line for the private audience, 鼂錯在前,及盎請辟人賜閒,錯去,固恨甚, and Deng Gong's protest, 其意非在錯也 and 內杜忠臣之口,外為諸侯報仇, ending with the emperor's 公言善,吾亦恨之. Note the name is written 鼂錯 throughout this page. Text obtained through the Wikisource export service (ws-export.wmcloud.org); the page header (textquality) could not be re-checked in that export and is reported as the pack records it.
- 《汉书》卷四十九·爰盎晁錯传第十九(东汉班固撰;维基文库本,白文无注,页面标 textquality 25%,未与中华书局点校本复核) — The fuller account, and the one that shows the procedure being assembled. Its name is written 晁錯 and its market 東巿 — both pages have the Eastern Market, in different forms of the character. What Ban Gu adds is the room and the paperwork: the emperor discussing the campaign with Cuo; the audience at which Ang asks 願屏左右, then 臣所言,人臣不得知, then 乃屏錯, and Cuo 趨避東箱,甚恨; the advice 獨有斬錯 and 兵可毋血刃而俱罷; the emperor's 吾不愛一人謝天下; the full impeachment by the chancellor, the commandant and the commandant of justice with three charges and the sentence 錯當要斬,父母妻子同產無少長皆棄巿, answered 制曰:可; and then the seven characters that undo the proceeding — 錯殊不知, and 乃使中尉召錯,紿載行巿 — before 錯衣朝衣斬東巿. It ends with Ban Gu's judgement, 錯雖不終,世哀其忠. The longer stretches of this chapter on frontier defence and the examination answers are not used in this article. Text obtained through ws-export.wmcloud.org; the page header could not be re-checked in that export.




