葵丘之盟,《左传》只留下一句盟辞:「秋,齐侯盟诸侯于葵丘,曰:『凡我同盟之人,既盟之后,言归于好。』」——十几个字。但《孟子·告子下》追述同一场会,多出五条禁令,还多一句仪式。先把两层分开:《左传》是编年叙事,《孟子》是战国人追述与评价;两书留下的东西不一样,不能拼成一份「盟书全文」。

一、葵丘:一句话

《左传》僖公九年:夏,「会于葵丘,寻盟,且修好,礼也」;秋,「齐侯盟诸侯于葵丘」,说的就是那一句。「寻盟」一般认为即重申旧盟,这里标作通说——盟不是一次性的,要反复确认。同一场会还有一段:王使宰孔赐齐侯胙,传天子的话「以伯舅耋老,加劳赐一级,无下拜」;齐侯答「天威不违颜咫尺,小白,余敢贪天子之命无下拜」,于是「下拜登受」——盟主见了王使,仍要下拜。

同一场会,同时人的批评也记下来了。宰孔先归,遇晋侯,说「可无会也。齐侯不务德而勤远略,故北伐山戎,南伐楚,西为此会也」——这是宰孔的话,是对这场会的评论,不是制度。

二、孟子多出来的五条

《孟子》先给一句仪式:「葵丘之会,诸侯束牲载书而不歃血。」——捆好牲,把盟书放在上面,不歃血。「束牲载书」一般认为即捆牲、载书于牲上,本页未详解;「不歃血」是《孟子》特意点出的,据推测是这场会的特例,本文只写这一句,不补割耳、涂血、埋书之类的程序。

然后是五条,照录:初命「诛不孝,无易树子,无以妾为妻」;再命「尊贤、育才,以彰有德」;三命「敬老、慈幼,无忘宾旅」;四命「士无世官,官事无摄,取士必得,无专杀大夫」;五命「无曲防,无遏籴,无有封而不告」。五件事:家务与继承、尊贤育才、敬老慈幼与过境宾客、官职取士与刑杀、水利粮禁与封赏。孟子随后也记那一句誓辞:「凡我同盟之人,既盟之后,言归于好」——与《左传》一字不差。

三、践土:罚则怎么写

僖公二十八年的事。卫侯「请盟,晋人弗许」——求盟被拒,也记下来了。然后是王庭之盟:「癸亥,王子虎盟诸侯于王庭。」——主盟的是王子虎,周王的王子,不是晋侯。要言一句:「皆奖王室,无相害也!」接着是罚则:「有渝此盟,明神殛之!俾队其师,无克祚国,及其玄孙,无有老幼!」——违背此盟,明神殛之,使他的军队坠落,不能享有国祚,一直到玄孙,不分老幼。这是盟辞里的话,不是发生过的处罚记录;同一段还有「君子谓是盟也信,谓晋于是役也能以德攻」,那是史家的评论。

宛濮另有一份,语境具体:「宁武子与卫人盟于宛濮。」缘由是「天祸卫国,君臣不协,以及此忧也」;两句问话:「不有居者,谁守社稷?不有行者,谁扞牧圉?」然后是免责与罚则:「自今日以往,既盟之后,行者无保其力,居者无惧其罪。有渝此盟,以相及也。明神先君,是纠是殛。」——跟着君出走的、留下守国的,互不追究;违背的,由「明神先君」来纠、来殛,把祖先也请来作证。效果一句:「国人闻此盟也,而后不贰。」

四、背盟之后:谁动手

盟辞请神,执行却落在人身上。卫侯与元咺「讼」——在霸主面前打官司:「宁武子为辅,鍼庄子为坐,士荣为大士。卫侯不胜。杀士荣,刖鍼庄子,谓宁俞忠而免之。」然后是:「执卫侯,归之于京师,寘诸深室。」——把卫侯抓起来,送到京师,关在「深室」里;「深室」据推测即幽囚之所,本页无注。动手的是晋人,不是明神。

这件事的来龙去脉要按原文写,不能简化成「卫侯杀弟」。卫侯闻楚师败,惧,出奔楚,使元咺奉叔武以受盟;后来「或诉元咺于卫侯曰:『立叔武矣。』」其子角从公,公使杀之;卫侯先期入,叔武将沐,「捉发走出」,被前驱射杀;公「枕之股而哭之」,使杀歂犬;元咺出奔晋。顺序如此,人物如此,本文照录,不替它归并。

五、两页都不给的

不给盟书实物:尺寸、材质、玉片、埋藏——那是另一题的材料,这里一句不用。不给盟会参加人数与次数统计;不给歃血、割耳、埋书等任何程序(两页只有孟子一句「不歃血」);不折僖公纪年为精确公历;不用「国际法」「条约体系」「霸权稳定」这类现代框架;不写「春秋外交秩序」通论。城濮的战事经过属另一篇,本文只用战后之盟。

还有一处并列要留着:对葵丘的评价,宰孔说「齐侯不务德而勤远略」,孟子说「五霸者,三王之罪人也」——两条都是评论,都不当事实。写在盟书上的话,请神来管;真动手时,是霸主开法庭、晋人抓人、送进京师关起来。一句誓辞两书都留,五条禁令只有一人记得。

延伸阅读:三十税一:汉代的田租 · 钱少的时候:小钱与一场废钱之议 · 国家的书架:四个人校书,一份六略总账

参考来源与延伸阅读

  1. 《春秋左氏传·僖公九年、二十八年》(维基文库本,页面白文无注,未与中华书局点校本复核) — Year by year. Kuiqiu in Duke Xi's ninth year: in summer the meeting 'renewed the covenant and cultivated good relations'; in autumn 'the lord of Qi covenanted the princes at Kuiqiu, saying: all of us in this covenant, once sworn, return to good relations' — that one sentence is all the Zuo records of the oath. The same year has the royal envoy Zai Kong bringing sacrificial meat, the order that the old lord need not bow, and his bowing anyway; and Zai Kong's parting remark that the lord of Qi 'does not work at virtue but is busy with distant plans'. In the twenty-eighth year: the duke of Wei asks for a covenant and Jin refuses; Prince Hu covenants the princes at the royal court, whose words run 'all support the royal house, do no harm to one another; whoever breaks this covenant, may the bright spirits strike him, destroy his army, end his state, to the great-grandchildren, sparing neither old nor young'; at Wanpu Ning Wuzi covenants with the men of Wei that those who fled and those who stayed are not to be blamed, with 'the bright spirits and the former lords' as the ones who will correct and strike; and the duke of Wei, sued by Yuan Xuan before Jin, loses, and is taken and imprisoned in the 'deep chamber' in the capital.
  2. 《孟子·告子下》(维基文库本,页面白文无注,未与中华书局点校本复核) — A Warring States Confucian's retrospective on the covenant, inside the argument that the five lords are criminals against the three kings: at Kuiqiu 'the princes bound the victim and laid the written covenant on it, and did not smear blood'; then five injunctions — punish the unfilial, do not change the heir, do not make a concubine a wife; honour the worthy and rear talent; respect the old, cherish the young, do not neglect guests and travellers; no hereditary office, no concurrent posts, choose men rightly, do not kill great officers at will; no crooked dykes, no blocking grain, no enfeoffment without report — and then the same closing sentence the Zuo has. The passage also says the lords of his own day all break these five prohibitions. Used here as later memory, not as an archive of the covenant.