《汉书·食货志》里最有名的一句仓廪话,是「太仓之粟陈陈相因,充溢露积于外,腐败不可食」——京师的太仓里,陈粮压着陈粮,满出来堆在露天,烂得不能吃。这句话常被拿来说汉代粮多;它确实写在「至武帝之初七十年间」那一段里,是追述当时的丰足,不是某一年某座仓的库存账。

太仓与常平仓

太仓在京师,收的是从关东漕运来的粮,供京师用。同篇讲桑弘羊均输时说:「山东漕益岁六百万石。一岁之中,太仓、甘泉仓满。」六百万石是漕粮数,不是仓的容量;两页都没有汉代仓的容量、仓数、管理人员。能说的只有用途:太仓是国家的正仓,管的是「收多少、供多少」的流量。

常平仓是另一种东西。它不在京师,在边郡;不算流量,算价格:谷贱时加价买进来,谷贵时减价卖出去。一个仓管的是粮往哪里走,另一个仓管的是粮价往哪里走。这一篇要写的是后一个,从设立到罢废。

谷至石五钱

设仓的由头是一句粮价。宣帝即位后,「用吏多选贤良,百姓安土,岁数丰穰,谷至石五钱,农人少利」——连年丰收,谷价落到一石五钱,种粮的人反而没利。谷太贱,伤的是农;这是常平仓要解决的事,与「粮食不够」正相反。

提这件事的人是耿寿昌,官居大司农中丞,「以善为算能商功利得幸于上」,五凤年间上奏。他先算了一笔漕运账:「故事,岁漕关东谷四百万斛以给京师,用卒六万人。宜籴三辅、弘农、河东、上党、太原郡谷足供京师,可以省关东漕卒过半。」——往年从关东漕四百万斛到京师,用六万人;改从三辅等近郡买粮,可省一半以上的漕卒。先算账,再提制度。

贱籴贵粜

然后是那句核心:「寿昌遂白令边郡皆筑仓,以谷贱时增其贾而籴,以利农,谷贵时减贾而粜,名曰常平仓。民便之。」——让边郡都筑仓,谷贱时加价收买,谷贵时减价卖出。地点写的是「边郡」,不是全国;效果只写了「民便之」三个字,是原文的评价,不是成效统计。上「乃下诏,赐寿昌爵关内侯」。

萧望之反对

常平仓不是没人反对。御史大夫萧望之上奏,先算另一笔账:「今寿昌欲近籴漕关内之谷,筑仓治船,费直二万万馀,有动众之功,恐生旱气,民被其灾。」——就近买粮、筑仓造船,要花两万万多,还要动众。再评这个人:「寿昌习于商功分铢之事,其深计远虑,诚未足任,宜且如故。」——他擅长算小利,长远的大计靠不住,不如照旧。上「不听」。 同一年萧望之还争过另一件事:有人要加海租,他说往年加租,鱼就不出。这两件事在原文里前后相接,但不是同一句话;能确定的只是:管钱的官提了仓,管监察的官拿成本与「动众」反对,皇帝选了前者。

元帝罢仓

常平仓的寿命,到换皇帝为止。元帝即位,「天下大水,关东郡十一尤甚」;二年,「齐地饥,谷石三百余,民多饿死,琅邪郡人相食」。就在这段之后,原文写:「在位诸儒多言盐铁官及北假田官、常平仓可罢,毋与民争利。上从其议,皆罢之。」——谷价从石五钱涨到三百余钱的那个时候,常平仓被归入「与民争利」,与盐铁官、北假田官一起罢掉。 罢后还有一句:「其后用度不足,独复盐铁官。」——后来钱不够用,只恢复了盐铁官,常平仓没有跟着回来。这就是这条线的结尾:设立、运作、反对、罢废,四步都写在《汉书》这一页上,没有「沿用两千年」这种后话。

《通典》卷十二也讲这段,但它是唐人的类编,文字基本照抄《汉书》,只能当对照,不能算第二条独立证据;它另用一句话记后汉「永平五年,作常平仓」、晋「泰始四年,立常平仓,丰则籴,俭则粜」,沿革只到这一句为止。同页还有唐天宝八年「太仓七万一千二百七十石」,那是唐代的账,名字与汉太仓相同,数目不能倒推汉代,本文不用。与站内《隋唐粮仓》那篇也不同:那篇讲仓内怎么收、怎么存,这篇讲国家为什么设仓——一个管流程,一个管动机。

缺口照实说:两页没有汉代仓的容量与仓数,没有管理人员,没有常平仓的具体仓址,也没有它平抑粮价的成效数字;「民便之」是原文的评价。粮价照录(石五钱、石三百余钱),不折算购买力,不估容量,不写仓的建筑形制。国家设仓,不只是把粮存起来;常平仓想管的是粮价——但这一页只给了它一个开头和一个结尾。

延伸阅读:函谷关:一座关在三种话里的三种角色 · 两座墓的账:邵家棚 M102、M110 · 安阳的另一座商代城:洹北商城

参考来源与延伸阅读

  1. 《汉书》卷二十四·食货志(东汉;维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — Two kinds of store and one policy. The imperial granary in the capital: 'the grain of the Grand Granary lay layer on layer, brimming over and piled outdoors, rotting and unfit to eat' (太倉之粟陳陳相因,充溢露積於外,腐敗不可食) — a retrospective of the first seventy years, not a storehouse statistic; and under Sang Hongyang's transport reforms, 'the grain shipped from east of the mountains rose to six million shi a year, and in one year the Grand Granary and the Ganquan Granary were full' (山東漕益歲六百萬石……太倉、甘泉倉滿). The Ever-Normal Granary: under Emperor Xuan, 'years were repeatedly abundant and grain fell to five cash a shi, so farmers profited little' (歲數豐穰,穀至石五錢,農人少利); the grand director of agriculture's assistant Geng Shouchang, 'good at calculation and able to reckon profit', proposed in the Wufeng years to buy grain from the metropolitan and neighbouring commanderies to supply the capital and 'save more than half' of the 60,000 transport troops; then 'ordered every frontier commandery to build granaries, buying at a raised price when grain was cheap to help the farmer, selling at a reduced price when it was dear, and calling it the Ever-Normal Granary; the people found it convenient' (邊郡皆築倉……名曰常平倉。民便之), and the emperor granted him the rank of marquis within the passes. The imperial secretary Xiao Wangzhi objected, putting the cost at 'more than twenty million' and calling Geng 'versed in calculating profits by fractions of a cash; his deep plans are not to be relied on' (習於商功分銖之事……宜且如故); the emperor did not listen. On Emperor Yuan's accession, after great floods and a famine in Qi where 'grain reached three hundred cash a shi', the Confucians said the salt and iron offices, the Beijia field office and the Ever-Normal Granary 'contended with the people for profit' and all were abolished; later, when funds ran short, 'only the salt and iron offices were restored' (獨復鹽鐵官) — the barns were not.
  2. 《通典》卷十二·食货十二·轻重(唐杜佑;维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — A Tang encyclopaedia, used only as a parallel and explicitly not as an independent Han source: it retells the Han story almost word for word (漢宣帝時,歲數豐穰……名曰常平倉,人便之……元帝即位,罷之), then gives one line each for the Later Han (明帝永平五年,作常平倉) and the Jin (泰始四年,立常平倉,豐則糴,儉則糶). The same chapter also lists Tang storehouse totals for the eighth year of Tianbao — including 'the Grand Granary, 71,270 shi' — which are Tang figures under a Han-sounding name and are not used in this article.