魏國剛立,徐邈做尚書郎,「時科禁酒,而邈私飲至於沈醉」。校事趙達來問曹事,他答一句:「中聖人。」趙達報上去,太祖大怒。度遼將軍鮮于輔解釋:「平日醉客謂酒清者為聖人,濁者為賢人,邈性修慎,偶醉言耳。」結果「竟坐得免刑」。
中聖人
這是列傳,不是法令。「科禁酒」的「科」是科條,條文本身沒有引,也沒有留下來——沒有年份,沒有刑名,沒有程序。留下的是一個場面:一個喝酒的官、一句問話、一個隱語、一位發怒的君主,和一句把醉話解釋成無害的話。「坐得免刑」四個字說明有罪可坐,但沒說會坐什麼刑;也沒有說這科條寫了什麼、管到什麼範圍、是不是新立的。
故事還有後話:文帝到許昌,問徐邈「頗復中聖人不」;徐邈引子反、御叔兩個古人的醉事自嘲,說自己是「以醉見識」,帝大笑。這是軼事,可以收一段;它沒有年份,「魏國初建」是官職敘事的時間座標,不是禁令頒布年。
彼有其具
蜀中的禁令起於天旱:「時天旱禁酒,釀者有刑。」吏在人家搜到釀具,論者要按釀酒同罪。簡雍跟先主出門,路上看見一男一女,說:「彼人欲行淫,何以不縛?」先主問怎麼知道,簡雍答:「彼有其具,與欲釀者同。」先主大笑,「而原欲釀者」。
鋒利的不在笑話,在證據:器具不是酒,念頭不是行為。但記錄對「發生了什麼」很謹慎:「論者欲令同罰」是提議,而且被諫止了,不是已經實行的連坐法。赦免的是「欲釀者」這一批,不等於廢掉禁令;起因只寫「天旱」,年份不明。
兩封信
漢廷那道禁酒,是曹操的。范曄正文只有一句:「時年饑兵興,操表制酒禁,融頻書爭之,多侮慢之辭。」信本身只保存在唐李賢注裡(注引《融集》)。第一書從「酒之為德久矣」說起:天上有酒星,地上有酒泉,人有旨酒之德;堯不千鍾建不了太平,孔非百觚堪不了上聖;樊噲解鴻門之厄靠豕肩鍾酒,高祖醉斬白蛇,景帝醉幸唐姬,袁盎靠醇醪脫命,定國酣飲一斛才能決法——結句是:「酒何負於政哉?」
第二書更短也更利。孔融先承認「以酒亡者,實如來誨」,再反問:徐偃王行仁義而亡,如今並不禁仁義;燕噲以讓失社稷,如今並不禁謙退;魯因儒而損,如今並不棄文學;夏、商以婦人失天下,如今並不斷婚姻。「而將酒獨急者,疑但惜穀耳,非以亡王為戒也。」——這是他猜曹操的動機:捨不得穀,不是怕亡國。猜的,不是史家定論。信是論辯,不是記事:堯千鍾、孔百觚,是修辭,不是史實。
同一封信,兩個樣子
這封信還有一個本子。《藝文類聚》卷七十二收它,題作「後漢孔融難魏武帝禁酒書」,開篇就不一樣:「公初當來,邦人咸抃舞踴躍,以望我後。亦既至止,酒禁施行。」字句也不同:「酒星」一作「酒旗」,「豕肩鍾酒」一作「彘肩卮酒」,「酒何負於政哉」一作「酒何負於治者哉」。可以擇一引,另一個只能當異文,不能拼成一段「原文」。
兩個本子拼不起來:維基文庫這頁標 50%、未與點校本複核;《融集》原書本輪沒核到;兩個本子的先後關係也沒有材料可判。能說的只是:信存在過,被抄過不止一次,抄本之間不完全一樣——這本身就是這些文字流傳下來的樣子。
沒有那道令
背景有記錄,禁令沒有。建安元年車駕到洛陽,「宮闈蕩滌」「百官披荊棘而居」,州郡各擁強兵,「委輸不至」;魏武「募良民屯田許下」,歲「數千萬斛」充兵戎;平定袁氏之後,收田租「畝粟四升,戶絹二匹而綿二斤」。記這些的《晉書》卷二十六,一個字沒提酒禁。這一卷講的是糧,不是酒。禁酒與缺糧有關,是合理的推測——「年饑兵興」是范曄自己的框架——但沒有一道詔令把兩頭接起來。
所以文章停在材料停的地方。三個場面:一個醉官被放過,一個家裡有釀具的人被放過,兩封信爭了、沒有回音。信有兩封,其中一封還有兩個本子。沒有留下來的是東西本身:沒有年份,沒有令文,沒有刑名,沒有執行範圍。三處屬於三個政權,不能拼成一道令。禁酒確實執行過——這一點記載們一致——也幾乎只一致到這一點。
參考來源與延伸閱讀
- 陈寿《三国志》卷二十七·魏书·徐邈传、卷三十八·蜀书·简雍传 (Chen Shou, Sanguozhi, juan 27, Life of Xu Miao, and juan 38, Life of Jian Yong) — J uan 27: Xu Miao, a Gentleman of the Secretariat when the Wei state was newly founded, drank privately to drunkenness while wine was forbidden by regulation; asked about official business he answered 'I am in the sage', and was let off punishment after a general explained that drinkers call clear wine the sage and cloudy wine the worthy. No date, no statute text, no named penalty. Juan 38 (https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/三國志/卷38): in a drought wine-making was banned and brewers punished; officers found brewing vessels in a house and some proposed punishing the owner like a brewer, until Jian Yong's joke about a man and woman on the road 'having the equipment' made Liu Bei laugh and pardon those who had meant to brew. A proposal, not an enacted collective punishment.
- 范晔《后汉书》卷七十·郑孔荀列传·孔融(唐李贤注引《融集》)(Fan Ye, Hou Han shu, juan 70, Life of Kong Rong, with Li Xian's Tang commentary) — Fan Ye's main text: 'the year was famine-stricken and war had arisen; Cao Cao memorialised for a wine ban, and Kong Rong repeatedly wrote to dispute it, with much insolent language.' The two letters survive only in Li Xian's commentary, quoting Kong Rong's collected works: the first lists wine's service to ritual and politics and ends 'how has wine failed government?'; the second concedes that dynasties fell through wine but argues that wine alone is treated as urgent because 'you grudge the grain, not because you take the fall of kings as a warning'. Letters in commentary, not main text, and undated.
- 欧阳询等《艺文类聚》卷七十二·食物部·酒(维基文库 50% 页,未与中华书局点校本复核)(Ouyang Xun et al., Yiwen leiju, juan 72, 'Wine') — Tang encyclopedia excerpt of the same letter under the title 'Kong Rong disputing Emperor Wu of Wei's wine ban', with a different opening ('when you first came... the ban was enforced') and variant readings (wine banner for wine star; pig shoulder with a cup for pig shoulder with a bell-shaped vessel; 'failed governance' for 'failed government'). A second witness, not a fuller text; the page is marked unproofread.
- 房玄龄等《晋书》卷二十六·食货志 (Fang Xuanling et al., Jin shu, juan 26, 'Food and Money') — Background only, and never mentions a wine ban: in 196 the court reached Luoyang to find the palaces stripped and no supplies arriving from the provinces; Cao Cao settled people as military farmers near Xu and drew tens of millions of hu a year; after Hebei was taken the land tax was set at four sheng of grain a mu with two bolts of silk and two jin of floss a household.




