睡虎地秦簡裡有一份「封守」的清單,開頭是:「甲室、人:一宇二內,各有戶,內室皆瓦蓋,木大具,門桑十木。」——一棟房子、兩間內室,各有門,內室蓋瓦,木料齊全,門口十棵桑樹。接著登記:妻已亡,不參加封守;一個未成年的兒子,高六尺五寸;臣一人、妾一人、公狗一條。這是一份家產清單,但它是官府寫的,不是主人寫的。
一、一份家產清單
這份清單出自《封診式》——「式」是司法文書的格式與範例,當事人寫作「某里士五甲」這類代稱,不是真名。所以它不是某一個真實案件的卷宗,而是一份「該這麼寫」的樣板:房子怎麼記、家裡人怎麼記、奴婢與牲畜怎麼記,都按項來。清單裡最要緊的不是「有什麼」,是「逐項登記」這件事本身。
邊界先說:不能把它讀成「秦代普通人的家產」。士五甲有臣有妾、有狗、有桑十木,不是最窮的人家;清單是封守時登記的內容,不等於全部家當。尺寸(六尺五寸、七尺)也保留秦制,本文不折成米。
二、一間屋子的尺寸
《穴盜》一條量得更細:失主家「垣高七尺」;內室中央挖開一個新洞,「穴下齊小堂,上高二尺三寸,下廣二尺五寸,上如豬竇狀」;牆外土上有「秦綦履跡四所,袤尺二寸」——四枚鞋印,每枚一尺二寸長。失竊的衣裳也記得清楚:「五十尺,帛裡,絲絮五斤裝,繆繒五尺緣及純」。
牆多高、洞多大、鞋印多長、衣用多少料,都是量過的。這就是秦代司法文書的讀法:把現場當成一筆帳來記。本文只取與衣食住有關的數,不細寫案情與死狀。
三、一身衣裳
《賊死》記錄一具男屍:「衣布襌裙、襦各一」——布襌裙一條、布襦一件;腳邊「秦綦履一兩」;「男子丁壯,皙色,長七尺一寸,髮長二尺;其腹有久故瘢二所」;屍體「到某亭百步,到某里士五丙田舍二百步」。衣裳、身長、頭髮、舊疤、距離,全在記錄裡。
官府發衣另有價錢。《金布律》:為褐以稟衣,「大褐一,用枲十八斤,直六十錢;中褐一,用枲十四斤,直卌六錢;小褐一,用枲十一斤,直卅六錢」。發衣有時間:「受衣者,夏衣以四月盡六月稟之,冬衣以九月盡十一月稟之,過時者勿稟。」發衣錢按人分:「隸臣、府隸之毋妻者及城旦,冬人百一十錢,夏五十五錢;其小者冬七十七錢,夏卌四錢。舂冬人五十五錢,夏卌四錢;其小者冬卌四錢,夏卅三錢。」——褐有褐價,衣錢有衣錢的標準,都是官府作的價。(同律另有「布袤八尺,幅廣二尺五寸」與「錢十一當一布」的規定,屬市場與折算,本文不展開。)
四、一個月吃多少
口糧是一張表。《倉律》:「隸臣月禾二石,隸妾一石半;其不從事,勿稟。小城旦、隸臣作者,月禾一石半;未能作者,月禾一石。小妾、舂作者,月禾一石二斗半;未能作者,月禾一石。嬰兒之毋母者各半石。」另有農忙加糧:「隸臣田者,以二月月稟二石半,到九月盡而止其半石。」城旦築牆「旦半夕參」——早上半斗、晚上三分之一斗;囚「日少半斗」。
這張表的對象要寫清楚:領糧的是隸臣妾、城旦舂這些官府廩食的人,不是全國農民。所以不能推「秦代農民每月吃二石」——那正是材料不允許跨的一步。
五、這些帳能說明什麼
邊界列清:不寫「秦人一天」或「秦代日常生活」——律條與司法文書裡沒有作息、飲食種類與娛樂;不引《日書》(維基文庫的《日書》頁是空殼,沒有可讀文本);《封診式》是範文不是案卷;倉律對象是官府廩食者;金布律的衣錢是官府發衣標準,不是市場衣價;尺寸保留秦制不折米;不編簡號(維基文庫錄文不標);錢是秦錢,律文沒寫「半兩」;不折現代購買力;不寫「秦代法律嚴苛」這類評價;不拿漢代材料反推秦。
四樣東西並排:一份家產清單(一宇二內、門桑十木、子高六尺五寸)、一間屋子的尺寸(垣高七尺、盜洞高二尺三寸)、一身衣裳(布襌裙襦、秦綦履、褐價六十與四十六與三十六錢、冬百一十夏五十五)、一張口糧表(隸臣二石、隸妾一石半、嬰兒半石)。每一個數都是官府寫下的,沒有一個是這個人自己說的。能寫「官府怎麼給一個人算帳」,不能寫「秦人怎麼過日子」——這就是這三份文書的邊界,也是它們最誠實的地方。
參考來源與延伸閱讀
- 《睡虎地秦简·封诊式》(维基文库录文) — Model forms for judicial documents, not case files: the parties are placeholders such as 'Shiwu Jia of such-and-such a hamlet'. The sealing inventory lists 'one house with two inner rooms, each with a door, roofed with tile, the timber complete, ten mulberry trees at the gate', a son six chi five cun tall, a male and a female slave and one male dog. The burglary form gives a wall seven chi high, a hole two chi three cun high and two chi five cun wide, four shoe prints a foot two cun long, and a stolen robe fifty chi of cloth with silk lining, five catties of silk floss and a five-chi patterned border. The corpse form gives a plain cloth skirt and jacket, a pair of Qin sandals, a body seven chi one cun tall, hair two chi long, a hundred paces from the post station and two hundred from a field hut.
- 《睡虎地秦简·仓律》(维基文库录文) — Statute on granaries and issue rations; the recipients are the state-fed — bond servants and convict labourers, not the population at large. Bondman two shi of grain a month, bondwoman one and a half; small convicts able to work one and a half, unable one; small bondwomen and grain-pounders able one and a quarter, unable one; motherless infants half a shi. A bondman in the fields gets two and a half from the second month to the ninth. Wall-building convicts get half in the morning and a third in the evening; prisoners a third of a dou a day. Also seed rates and the rate for husking millet.
- 《睡虎地秦简·金布律》(维基文库录文) — Statute on money, cloth and the issue of clothing. Only the clothing-issue clauses are used here: summer clothing issued from the fourth to the sixth month, winter from the ninth to the eleventh, nothing after the time. Coarse hemp garments: large, eighteen catties of hemp fibre, sixty cash; medium, fourteen catties, forty-six; small, eleven catties, thirty-six. Issue allowances: bondmen, unattached servants and convicts without wives, 110 cash in winter and 55 in summer; the small ones 77 and 44; grain-pounders 55 and 44, the small ones 44 and 33. The cloth dimensions and the rate of eleven cash to a bolt are noted only in passing, as that belongs to the market article.




