一部法典的原文失传了,却有一个名单留了下来:「又列重罪十条:一曰反逆,二曰大逆,三曰叛,四曰降,五曰恶逆,六曰不道,七曰不敬,八曰不孝,九曰不义,十曰内乱。其犯此十者,不在八议论赎之限。」这段话不在北齐的律书里,在唐代人修的《隋书·刑法志》里。
律在别处
《隋书·刑法志》记北齐制律:「河清三年,尚书令、赵郡王叡等,奏上齐律十二篇:一曰名例,二曰禁卫,三曰婚户,四曰擅兴,五曰违制,六曰诈伪,七曰斗讼,八曰贼盗,九曰捕断,十曰毁损,十一曰厩牧,十二曰杂。其定罪九百四十九条。」又上新令四十卷,刑名分五种:死(轘、枭首、斩、绞)、流、刑(即耐罪,五岁至一岁五等)、鞭、杖;赎罪旧用金,这时「皆代以中绢」,连赎价都列了数目。
这些篇目、条数、刑名、赎价,全是从这一篇唐代史志里读到的。北齐律的原文今天不存,所以本文只能写「《隋书》所记的北齐律」,不能写「北齐律原文如此」。这是读这一段的第一条规矩。
十条本身也要看清性质:它没有新设刑罚,要害在最后一句——「不在八议论赎之限」。八议是给特定身份的人留的议罪程序,论赎是拿绢赎罪;这十种罪一列,就把它们从这两条路里摘出去了。至于「八议」具体是哪八项,这两页都没有列,本文也不补。
从十条到十恶
同一篇志又记隋开皇新律:「又置十恶之条,多采后齐之制,而颇有损益。一曰谋反,二曰谋大逆,三曰谋叛,四曰恶逆,五曰不道,六曰大不敬,七曰不孝,八曰不睦,九曰不义,十曰内乱。」并说「犯十恶及故杀人狱成者,虽会赦,犹除名」——遇赦也不免除名。志里还记了赎铜的等第、八议之科与官品减等,是一整套制度。
两单对看,差别不小:北齐的「反逆」、「大逆」、「叛」,到隋都加了「谋」字,成了「谋反」「谋大逆」「谋叛」;北齐有「降」,隋的十恶里没有;隋多出「不睦」;北齐的「不敬」成了「大不敬」。所以不能说「十恶就是北齐重罪十条改了名」。《隋书》自己的说法是「多采后齐之制,而颇有损益」——采了,也改了;是渊源,不是等同。
同一篇还记北周:「不立十恶之目,而重恶逆、不道、大不敬、不孝、不义、内乱之罪。」不立名目,却把其中六项单独提出来加重。三家(北齐、北周、隋)各有取舍,可见「十条」「十恶」这类名单,在当时的立法里是可增可减的技术安排。
北魏那一边
另一部书是《魏书·刑罚志》,记的是北魏。世祖神䴥年间,「诏司徒崔浩定律令」:除掉五岁、四岁刑,增一年刑;把大辟分成二等(死、斩死),又入绞;大逆不道腰斩,同籍诛连,十四岁以下腐刑,女子没入官府;害其亲者轘之;为蛊毒者男女皆斩、焚其家;巫蛊者「负羖羊抱犬沉诸渊」;拷讯不过四十九;死罪要「部案奏闻」,诸州大辟「皆先谳报乃施行」;宫门左侧还悬登闻鼓,有冤可以挝鼓。
这些是北魏的条目与程序,不是北齐的。《魏书》成于北齐人魏收之手,记的却是北魏一朝;《隋书》是唐人所修,追述北齐与隋。北齐制律时「大抵采魏、晋故事」,两朝之间确有承袭,但把《魏书》的条文当作北齐律来读,就把朝代混了。这一层必须写死。
怎么读这两页
两页留下的是两种痕迹:北齐律被唐代史官转述,条目留名而原文不存;北魏律在自己的史书里留下条目与程序。读者真正看到的,是「史官怎么写律」,而不是「律条原文」。同一篇《隋书》志在记完十条之后,还给了评价:「是后法令明审,科条简要」,又说「齐人多晓法律,盖由此也」——同一位唐代史官,既抄下这十条,也称赞这部律简明。
所以不宜用「野蛮」二字概括这两页。这十条是一个技术性的例外清单:把某些罪从议、赎的通道里拿掉;北魏那一段记的是死刑分等、奏报程序、拷讯上限。这些都是制度设计的问题,不是残暴程度的证明。
材料没有的
缺口很清楚:北齐律原文、十条各自的刑罚、审判程序、具体案例,都没有;「八议」的名目,两页不列;北魏那边的死刑条目,也只是分等与个案,不是完整的罪名表;两书的数字(九百四十九条、大辟二等)也不能直接相比,因为编法不同。
一个名单,从北齐走到隋唐:名字改了,内容增删了,归属也变了——北齐叫「重罪十条」,隋叫「十恶」。能追的只是「转述里的名单」,不是一部完整的北齐律。北魏那一边留下的是另一朝的程序与条目;两页并读,看到的是律如何被记住,而不是律如何施行。
延伸阅读:罢榷酤:一升酒四钱,和一个算出来的「千酿」 · 九州的贡单:《禹贡》与《职方氏》两份对不上的清单 · 方里而井:孟子纸上的一幅田制
参考来源与延伸阅读
- 《隋书》卷二十五·刑法志(唐魏征等撰;维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — A Tang compilation that describes the Northern Qi code the code itself no longer allows us to read. Under the third year of Heqing (河清三年) it reports that the prince of Zhao Commandery and others presented the Qi code in twelve chapters with 949 articles, five names of punishment (death by carriage-tearing, exposure, decapitation, strangling; exile; penal servitude; whipping; caning) and a redemption scale paid in silk. Then: 'it further set out ten gravest crimes: first rebellion, second great逆, third treason, fourth surrender, fifth cruelty to kin, sixth inhumanity, seventh irreverence, eighth unfilial conduct, ninth injustice, tenth incest' (又列重罪十條…其犯此十者,不在八議論贖之限) — those who commit them are excluded from the eight deliberations and from redemption. The same chapter records the Sui's Kaihuang code: 'it further established the ten abominations, mostly adopting the Northern Qi system, with additions and losses' (多採後齊之制,而頗有損益), lists the ten, and notes that the Northern Zhou 'did not establish the ten abominations' but singled out six of them. It also calls the Qi code 'clear and careful in its statutes, brief in its articles', which is why 'the men of Qi mostly understood the law'.
- 《魏书》卷一百一十一·刑罚志(北齐魏收撰;维基文库本,未与点校本复核) — A history of the Northern Wei, a different dynasty from the Northern Qi. It records that in the Shenjia years Emperor Shizu had the minister Cui Hao fix the statutes: the five- and four-year servitudes were abolished and a one-year term added; capital punishment was divided into two grades, death and beheading, with strangling added; great逆 and inhumanity were punished by waist-cutting with the household slain, boys under fourteen castrated and women taken by the state; those who harmed their own kin were torn apart by chariots; poisoners were beheaded and their houses burned; sorcerers were drowned with a black ram and a dog; interrogation was limited to forty-nine blows; every death sentence had to be memorialised, and provincial capital cases reported before execution. It also mentions that the nine-rank officials could use rank to commute punishment, that pregnant women were executed a hundred days after childbirth, and that the sounding drum for grievances hung at the palace gate. These are Northern Wei provisions, not the Bei Qi code.




