先看一條徵發記錄。惠帝三年春:「發長安六百里內男女十四萬六千人城長安,三十日罷。」——從長安周圍六百里內徵來的男女十四萬六千人,築了三十天城,放回家。同年六月又徵諸侯王、列侯的徒隸二萬人,這一批是「常役」。兩年後又來一次:「復發長安六百里內男女十四萬五千人城長安,三十日罷。」到五年九月,「長安城成」。這不是一隊工匠,是一輪一輪的民夫。

三次徵發

把這條線連起來:惠帝元年正月「城長安」,動工;三年春十四萬六千人,三十日;三年六月徒隸二萬人常役;五年春十四萬五千人,三十日;五年九月城成,皇帝賜民爵,每戶一級。數字要讀準:兩次十四萬級的徵發都是「六百里內男女」,是徭役範圍,不是專業匠人;「三十日罷」是一輪工期,不等於整座城只修了九十天——中間還有那兩萬常役的徒隸在幹。史書只給徵發與罷遣,不給土方量、不給工日,這些都沒有。

一堵夯土牆

牆是怎麼築的,考古一句話:城牆用土逐層夯打而成。量出來的四邊是:東牆 6000 米、南牆 7600 米、西牆 4900 米、北牆 7200 米,平面近方形,遺址範圍面積約 36 平方公里。要說明,這是遺址實測的彙總數字,不是原牆完好時的全長。文獻另有一套尺寸,據《三輔黃圖》:城「高三丈五尺,下闊一丈五尺,上闊九尺,雉高三坂,周回六十五里」。按通行折算,三丈五尺約 8 米、六十五里約 27 公里——這只是約數,不是原文數據。

文獻和鏟子對不上的地方,正是好材料:文獻說周圍六十五里,考古四邊合計約二十五點七公里;《漢舊儀》又說城裡「經緯各長三十二里十八步,地九百七十三頃」,是第三套算法。三套並列,不強行調和——本輪沒有核到解釋。至於「斗城」:文獻說「城南為南斗形,北為北斗形,至今人呼漢京城為斗城」,這是後人這樣形容,考古平面是近方形,不能說它是按星象設計的。牆的實測高度、厚度、夯層厚度、土方量、工日,一條都沒有;夯築的工序(取土、運土、夯打、驗收)也沒有材料,不拿後世做法補。

十二座門與城下壕

十二座門的名字,據《三輔黃圖》:東出南頭霸城門(民呼青門)、第二清明門、北頭宣平門(東都門);南出東頭覆盎門(杜門)、第二安門(鼎路門)、第三西安門(便門);西出南頭章城門、第二直城門、北頭雍門;北出東頭洛城門(高門)、第二廚城門、西頭橫門。考古這邊:每面三座門,共十二門;每座門有三個門道,每個門道寬約六米——注意,六米是單條門道的寬度,不是整座城門的寬度;城牆外一週有壕溝。這正對上《三輔決錄》說的「十二門三塗洞辟」。1957 年發掘了霸城、西安、直城、宣平四門。門有門候,「主候時、謹啟閉」——城門是按鐘點開關的。

牆外有壕。據《三輔黃圖》:城下有池周繞,「廣三丈,深二丈」,石橋各六丈,與街相直。考古說:城牆外一週有壕溝環繞;城內街道兩側的水溝「經由城門下的涵洞排向城外的壕溝」。本篇只到這裡——排水只留城門涵洞這一句,渠道、水權、漕運都不在這篇裡。

牆內怎麼分

八條大街把城內分成十一個區。中部、南部是未央宮(連同武庫及其以南的「東第」宅第區)、長樂宮、桂宮、北宮和明光宮,佔五區;宮城與高等級宅第合起來,佔全城面積三分之二以上;一般民眾主要住在城的東北部,即宣平門大街以北;西北部是手工業作坊與市場,佔三區。文獻說「八街九陌」,考古數出八條大街,可以對上;文獻說「九市」,考古只確認「據記載有東西二市」,而且位置尚待勘探。明光宮的位置也待探。這些都是考古隊據勘探復原的判斷,原文用的詞是「可能」。

還有一條邊界要釘住:京兆尹元始二年「戶十九萬五千七百二,口六十八萬二千四百六十八」,轄十二縣——長安只是其中一縣。這六十八萬口不能當長安城內人口,更不能除以三十六平方公里算密度。本文提它,只作長安所在郡的戶口背景。

文獻和鏟子

一條牆,兩種材料。文獻給形制:高三丈五尺、下闊一丈五尺、上闊九尺、周回六十五里,門名、門候、池廣三丈深二丈;鏟子給長度:東六千、南七千六、西四千九、北七千二,面積約三十六平方公里,每門三門道、道寬約六米。它們對不上,而這正是城市史最好看的地方。缺口也一併擺出來:城牆實測高度與厚度、夯層厚度、土方量、工日、城門進深、街道寬度,全都沒有;正式發掘報告本輪也沒核到可讀本,數字只標「考古實測/考古隊認為」。

參考來源與延伸閱讀

  1. 班固《汉书》卷二·惠帝纪(维基文库) — The building record: in the first month of the first year the wall of Chang'an was begun; in the spring of the third year 146,000 men and women from within six hundred li were levied to build it, dismissed after thirty days; in the sixth month 20,000 retainers of the kings and marquises were sent for permanent service; in the spring of the fifth year another 145,000 were levied, again for thirty days; in the ninth month the wall was complete and the people were given a grade of rank. Levies, not hired craftsmen.
  2. 佚名《三辅黄图》卷一·汉长安故城、都城十二门(后人辑录汉事;维基文库) — The literary dimensions, by a later compiler: the wall 3 zhang 5 chi high, 1 zhang 5 chi wide at the base and 9 chi at the top, with parapets, 65 li in circuit; the moat around it 3 zhang wide and 2 zhang deep, stone bridges 6 zhang wide facing the streets; the names of the twelve gates and Wang Mang's renamings; 'each gate had a gate-warden to watch the hours and open and shut carefully'; 'the twelve gates open in three passages'; the remark that the southern wall was shaped like the Southern Dipper and the northern like the Northern Dipper, hence 'Dipper City'. Not a Han primary text: the Siku editors dated its compiler after the Tang emperor Suzong.
  3. 刘振东〈汉都长安的考古历程——纪念汉长安城遗址考古65年〉(中国社会科学网-中国社会科学报,2021-09-27) — Archaeological survey article, not a final excavation report: the wall built of earth rammed in layers; east wall 6000 m, south 7600 m, west 4900 m, north 7200 m, area about 36 sq km; three gates on each side, twelve in all, each with three passages about 6 m wide; a moat encircling the wall; street-side drains discharging through culverts under the gates into the moat; eight straight avenues dividing the interior into eleven zones, palaces and high-ranking residences taking more than two thirds of the area, commoners mainly in the north-east, workshops and markets in the north-west; four gates excavated in 1957; the positions of the Mingguang Palace and the east and west markets still to be found.
  4. 班固《汉书》卷二十八上·地理志(维基文库) — The census background for the capital region: Jingzhao Yin in the second year of Yuanshi had 195,702 households and 682,468 persons in twelve counties. A commandery-level figure, not the population inside the city wall, and not to be divided by the city area.